The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a seven-layer network model that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984. The OSI model is a logical decomposition of networking into seven distinct layers. Each layer provides specific services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it.
The Seven (7) Layers of the OSI model are the following:
- Physical Layer: This is the lowest layer of the OSI Model and is responsible for transmitting raw bits over a physical medium such as twisted pair cable or optical fiber.
- Data Link Layer: The Data Link Layer ensures that frames are delivered error-free between two nodes on a single link of a network.
- Network Layer: The network layer routes traffic across multiple links of a network using logical addressing (IP addresses).
- Transport layer: This layer ensures end-to-end communication between hosts by providing reliable transport service with flow control and error-checking mechanisms such as TCP or UDP.
- Session Layer: This optional layer allows sessions to be established between applications running on different hosts.
- Presentation layer: This optional layer formats information so that it can be read by application programs running on different host systems.
- Application Layer: This highest level of the OSI model defines interfaces used by user applications to access network resources.
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