In particle physics, a fermion is any particle that follows the Fermi–Dirac statistics. These particles include the leptons (such as electrons and neutrinos) and quarks, which make up the hadrons (such as protons and neutrons). In general, each fermion has its own antiparticle with opposite spin but equal mass. For example, an electron has an antiparticle called a positron.
Fermions differ from bosons in several ways. First, they are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle: no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state at the same time. This is because fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin; in other words, their spins are “aligned” in different ways. Second, unlike bosons, fermions obey Fermi–Dirac statistics; that is to say, their behavior cannot be predicted with certainty but only probabilistically.
Fermions are responsible for all chemical interactions because they make up atoms and molecules. They are also responsible for electrical conductivity and heat conduction in solids as well as various other properties of materials such as superconductivity and magnetism. In addition to their role in physics, fermions play an important role in biology as they make up protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, etc., which compose DNA strands.
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