A boson is a subatomic particle that has been studied extensively by scientists. It is believed to be an elementary particle, meaning it is not made up of smaller particles. The most recognized boson is the Higgs boson, which was discovered in 2012. Bosons are important in many areas of physics, including quantum mechanics and nuclear physics.
The boson is also a particle that helps to mediate interactions between other particles. The best-known bosons are the photon, which carries the electromagnetic force, and the Higgs boson, which is responsible for giving matter its mass to other particles. Bosons are named after Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. Bosons are often associated with force fields, like the electromagnetic field.
In particle physics, a boson is a particle that follows Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons make up the fundamental force carriers—the photon for electromagnetism, and gluons for the powerful force—as well as the Higgs boson. In addition, all known elementary particles are either bosons or fermions with spin ½; this includes leptons such as electrons and neutrinos which do not experience strong interactions, but only electromagnetic and gravitational forces.
Bosonic string theory (or just string theory) is one of the five major superstring theories in 10 or 26 dimensions (depending on how you count), first proposed by Leonard Susskind in 1985 to explain certain properties of hadrons that cannot be explained by quantum chromodynamics alone (QCD). The other four major versions are type IIA strings, type IIB strings, heterotic E8×E8 strings (sometimes called “heterotic” string theory), and heterotic SO (32) strings. All five theories include gravity along with other forces like electromagnetism or nuclear forces.
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