Graphemic Module
Base Latin letters (same as English):
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z
Unique letters with diacritics:
- Ą (a + ogonek) → nasal vowel [ɔ̃]
- Ć (c + acute) → palatal affricate [t͡ɕ]
- Ę (e + ogonek) → nasal vowel [ɛ̃]
- Ł (l + stroke) → [w] sound
- Ń (n + acute) → palatal nasal [ɲ]
- Ó (o + acute) → [u] sound
- Ś (s + acute) → palatal fricative [ɕ]
- Ź (z + acute) → palatal fricative [ʑ]
- Ż (z + dot) → retroflex fricative [ʐ]
Common digraphs (treated as single sounds):
- ch → [x]
- cz → [t͡ʂ]
- dz → [d͡z]
- dź → [d͡ʑ]
- dż → [d͡ʐ]
- rz → [ʐ] (historical r+j)
- sz → [ʂ]