(aka: Literal–Graphemic Module — Italian)
0) Orientation
- Script: Latin (A–Z subset)
- Orthography type: Highly phonemic for native vocabulary (few irregularities)
- Diacritics: Minimal — acute (
´) and grave (`) on vowels
- Special letters: No unique graphemes beyond standard Latin; J, K, W, X, Y only in loanwords
- Direction: Left-to-right
1) Base Alphabet (21 native letters)
| Native Letters | Loan Letters |
|---|
| A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V Z | J K W X Y |
2) Vowels (7 phonemes)
| Glyph | Latin Chain | IPA | Notes |
|---|
| A | a | /a/ | |
| E | e | /e/ (close-mid) or /ɛ/ (open-mid) — depends on stress & syllable | |
| I | i | /i/ | |
| O | o | /o/ (close-mid) or /ɔ/ (open-mid) — stress dependent | |
| U | u | /u/ | |
| È | e + grave | /ɛ/ | explicit open-mid e in stressed syllable |
| É | e + acute | /e/ | explicit close-mid e in stressed syllable |
| Ò | o + grave | /ɔ/ | explicit open-mid o |
| Ó | o + acute | /o/ | explicit close-mid o |
| Ù | u + grave | /u/ | distinguishes stress in minimal pairs (e.g., perché vs perchè) |
| Ì | i + grave | /i/ | stress mark |
| À | a + grave | /a/ | stress mark |
Feature flag: {vowel_height: open|close} where marked; else determined by stress rule set.
3) Consonants & Core Values
| Glyph | Latin Chain | IPA | Notes |
|---|
| B | b | /b/ | |
| C | c | /k/ before a, o, u, consonants; /tʃ/ before e, i | |
| G | g | /ɡ/ before a, o, u, consonants; /dʒ/ before e, i | |
| D | d | /d/ | |
| F | f | /f/ | |
| H | h | silent — used to indicate hard C/G before e, i | |
| L | l | /l/ | |
| M | m | /m/ | |
| N | n | /n/ | [ŋ] before /k, g/ |
| P | p | /p/ | |
| Q | q | /k/ — appears as qu /kw/ before vowels | |
| R | r | /r/ trill | |
| S | s | /s/ or /z/ (voiced between vowels) | |
| T | t | /t/ | |
| V | v | /v/ | |
| Z | z | /t͡s/ or /d͡z/ depending on word and region | |
4) Digraphs / Multigraphs (phoneme units)
| Digraph | IPA | Notes |
|---|
| CH | /k/ before e, i | hard C |
| GH | /ɡ/ before e, i | hard G |
| GLI | /ʎ/ | palatal lateral |
| GN | /ɲ/ | palatal nasal |
| SC | /ʃ/ before e, i; /sk/ elsewhere | |
| QU | /kw/ | |
| SCE | /ʃe/ | |
| SCI | /ʃi/ | |
5) Orthographic Rules
- Hard/soft C and G controlled by following vowel; H used to preserve hardness before e, i.
- Double consonants indicated orthographically (e.g., palla /ˈpalla/ vs pala /ˈpaːla/).
- Stress: usually penultimate syllable; marked with acute/grave when irregular or to show vowel quality.
- Voicing of S between vowels common but not universal; flag with
{s_voiced: true}.
6) Latin Chain Mapping Example
glyph: "GLI"
name: "Gli"
latin_chain: ["g","l","i"]
phoneme: "ʎ"
features: {palatal: true}
glyph: "SC"
name: "Sc-before-e"
latin_chain: ["s","c"]
phoneme: "ʃ"
context: {following_vowel: ["e","i"]}
7) Lattice Integration Features
{direction: LTR}{type: alphabetic}{double_consonant: true|false}{stress_marked: true|false}{vowel_height: open|close} for E/O distinction when marked{palatal: true} for GLI, GN, SCI clusters
✅ Mint Status: Italian Graphemic Module is now fully minted with diacritics, vowel-height handling, and consonant cluster mapping.
