(Z = 1 → 118, Strict IUPAC Stable Definition)
| Element (Z) | Isotopes Known | Stable | Unstable | Longest-Lived / Notable Isotope | Notable Uses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H (1) | 7 | 2 | 5 | ³H (12.3 y) | Nuclear fusion, tracers |
| He (2) | 9 | 2 | 7 | ⁸He (119 ms) | Cryogenics, shielding |
| Li (3) | 11 | 2 | 9 | ¹¹Li (8.6 ms) | Nuclear halo studies |
| Be (4) | 12 | 1 | 11 | ¹⁰Be (1.39 My) | Cosmic ray dating |
| B (5) | 13 | 2 | 11 | ¹⁰B, ¹¹B stable | Neutron capture, reactors |
| C (6) | 15 | 2 | 13 | ¹⁴C (5730 y) | Radiocarbon dating |
| N (7) | 16 | 2 | 14 | ¹³N (10 min) | PET scans |
| O (8) | 17 | 3 | 14 | ¹⁵O (122 s) | Medical imaging |
| F (9) | 18 | 1 | 17 | ¹⁸F (110 min) | PET scans |
| Ne (10) | 19 | 3 | 16 | ²⁰Ne, ²²Ne stable | Lighting, cryogenics |
| Na (11) | 20 | 1 | 19 | ²²Na (2.60 y) | PET calibration, positron source |
| Mg (12) | 22 | 3 | 19 | ²⁸Mg (20.9 h) | Metabolic tracer |
| Al (13) | 22 | 1 | 21 | ²⁶Al (7.17×10⁵ y) | Cosmochemistry, meteoritics |
| Si (14) | 23 | 3 | 20 | ³²Si (153 y) | Environmental tracing |
| P (15) | 23 | 1 | 22 | ³²P (14.3 d) | DNA labeling, radiobiology |
| S (16) | 24 | 4 | 20 | ³⁵S (87.5 d) | Biochemical tracer |
| Cl (17) | 24 | 2 | 22 | ³⁶Cl (3.01×10⁵ y) | Hydrology & exposure dating |
| Ar (18) | 24 | 3 | 21 | ³⁹Ar (269 y) | Groundwater & ice dating |
| K (19) | 24 | 2 | 22 | ⁴⁰K (1.25×10⁹ y) | K–Ar & ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology |
| Ca (20) | 24 | 6 | 18 | ⁴¹Ca (9.94×10⁴ y) | Bone/calcium kinetics |
| Sc (21) | 25 | 1 | 24 | ⁴⁶Sc (83.8 d) | Industrial/NDT tracer |
| Ti (22) | 26 | 5 | 21 | ⁴⁴Ti (≈59 y) | Supernova remnant studies |
| V (23) | 26 | 1 | 25 | ⁴⁸V (15.97 d) | PET/tracer research |
| Cr (24) | 26 | 4 | 22 | ⁵¹Cr (27.7 d) | RBC labeling, renal tests |
| Mn (25) | 26 | 1 | 25 | ⁵⁴Mn (312 d) | Metallurgy, tracer |
| Fe (26) | 28 | 4 | 24 | ⁶⁰Fe (2.6 My) | Astrophysics; hematology |
| Co (27) | 29 | 1 | 28 | ⁶⁰Co (5.27 y) | Radiotherapy, sterilization |
| Ni (28) | 31 | 5 | 26 | ⁶³Ni (~100 y) | Betavoltaics, corrosion studies |
| Cu (29) | 29 | 2 | 27 | ⁶⁴Cu (12.7 h) | PET/therapy (Cu-64) |
| Zn (30) | 30 | 5 | 25 | ⁶⁵Zn (244 d) | Nutrition & tracer work |
| Ga (31) | 31 | 2 | 29 | ⁶⁷Ga (3.26 d) | SPECT imaging |
| Ge (32) | 32 | 5 | 27 | ⁶⁸Ge (271 d → ⁶⁸Ga) | PET generator |
| As (33) | 33 | 1 | 32 | ⁷⁴As (17.8 d) | Tracer research |
| Se (34) | 30 | 6 | 24 | ⁷⁵Se (120 d) | Radiography, enzyme studies |
| Br (35) | 31 | 2 | 29 | ⁸²Br (35.3 h) | Hydrology/industrial tracers |
| Kr (36) | 32 | 6 | 26 | ⁸⁵Kr (10.8 y) | Atmospheric tracing |
| Rb (37) | 32 | 1 | 31 | ⁸⁷Rb (4.88×10¹⁰ y) | Rb–Sr geochronology |
| Sr (38) | 34 | 4 | 30 | ⁹⁰Sr (28.9 y) | Fission product, radiotherapy tracer |
| Y (39) | 32 | 1 | 31 | ⁹⁰Y (64 h) | Radiotherapy (β⁻ source) |
| Zr (40) | 34 | 5 | 29 | ⁹³Zr (1.53 My) | Reactor materials, waste tracing |
| Nb (41) | 34 | 1 | 33 | ⁹²Nb (3.5×10⁷ y) | Astrophysics, cosmochemistry |
| Mo (42) | 35 | 7 | 28 | ⁹⁹Mo (66 h → ⁹⁹ᵐTc) | Medical isotope generator |
| Tc (43) | 36 | 0 | 36 | ⁹⁸Tc (4.2 My) | First man-made element, diagnostic scans |
| Ru (44) | 37 | 7 | 30 | ¹⁰⁶Ru (373 d) | Fission product, tracer |
| Rh (45) | 35 | 1 | 34 | ¹⁰²Rh (207 d) | Catalysts, neutron capture |
| Pd (46) | 36 | 6 | 30 | ¹⁰⁷Pd (6.5 My) | Dating, hydrogen storage research |
| Ag (47) | 38 | 2 | 36 | ¹¹⁰ᵐAg (250 d) | Industrial tracers, radiography |
| Cd (48) | 39 | 8 | 31 | ¹¹³Cd stable; ¹¹⁵Cd (53 h) | Control rods, Q-value studies |
| In (49) | 39 | 2 | 37 | ¹¹⁵In (4.4×10¹⁴ y) | Electronics, nuclear studies |
| Sn (50) | 40 | 10 | 30 | ¹²⁶Sn (2.3×10⁵ y) | Long-lived fission product |
| Sb (51) | 36 | 2 | 34 | ¹²⁵Sb (2.76 y) | Industrial tracers |
| Te (52) | 38 | 8 | 30 | ¹³⁰Te (8×10²⁰ y, 2β decay) | Double-beta decay studies |
| I (53) | 37 | 1 | 36 | ¹²⁹I (1.57×10⁷ y) | Hydrology, dating, thyroid |
| Xe (54) | 40 | 9 | 31 | ¹³¹Xe (stable) / ¹³³Xe (5.3 d) | Lighting, medical imaging |
| Cs (55) | 39 | 1 | 38 | ¹³⁷Cs (30.2 y) | Radiotherapy, environmental tracer |
| Ba (56) | 40 | 7 | 33 | ¹³³Ba (10.5 y) | Calibration standards |
| La (57) | 39 | 1 | 38 | ¹³⁸La (1.05×10¹¹ y) | Scintillators, nuclear medicine |
| Ce (58) | 40 | 4 | 36 | ¹⁴⁴Ce (285 d) | Reactor fission product |
| Pr (59) | 39 | 1 | 38 | ¹⁴³Pr (13.6 d) | Magnets, alloys |
| Nd (60) | 41 | 5 | 36 | ¹⁵⁰Nd (7×10¹⁸ y, 2β) | Lasers, magnets |
| Pm (61) | 39 | 0 | 39 | ¹⁴⁵Pm (17.7 y) | Nuclear batteries, luminescence |
| Sm (62) | 41 | 7 | 34 | ¹⁵¹Sm (90 y) | Neutron absorbers, cancer therapy |
| Eu (63) | 40 | 2 | 38 | ¹⁵²Eu (13.5 y) | Calibration sources, neutron capture |
| Gd (64) | 41 | 7 | 34 | ¹⁵²Gd (1.08×10¹⁴ y) | MRI contrast, control rods |
| Tb (65) | 39 | 1 | 38 | ¹⁶⁰Tb (72.3 d) | Imaging tracers |
| Dy (66) | 40 | 7 | 33 | ¹⁶⁶Dy (81.6 h) | Magnets, neutron absorbers |
| Ho (67) | 39 | 1 | 38 | ¹⁶⁶Ho (26.8 h) | Medical research, magnets |
| Er (68) | 40 | 6 | 34 | ¹⁶⁹Er (9.4 d) | Fiber optics, lasers |
| Tm (69) | 39 | 1 | 38 | ¹⁷⁰Tm (128 d) | Portable X-ray sources |
| Yb (70) | 41 | 7 | 34 | ¹⁶⁹Yb (32 d) | Atomic clocks, lasers |
| Lu (71) | 40 | 1 | 39 | ¹⁷⁶Lu (3.78×10¹⁰ y) | PET scans, cancer therapy |
| Hf (72) | 36 | 5 | 31 | ¹⁸²Hf (8.9 My) | Geochronology, control rods |
| Ta (73) | 37 | 1 | 36 | ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa (>10¹⁵ y, isomeric) | Nuclear structure studies |
| W (74) | 35 | 5 | 30 | ¹⁸⁰W (1.8×10¹⁸ y) | Industrial alloys, geochronology |
| Re (75) | 39 | 1 | 38 | ¹⁸⁷Re (4.12×10¹⁰ y) | Rhenium–osmium dating |
| Os (76) | 35 | 7 | 28 | ¹⁸⁶Os (2×10¹⁵ y) | Geochronology, catalysts |
| Ir (77) | 34 | 2 | 32 | ¹⁹²Ir (73.8 d) | Industrial radiography, brachytherapy |
| Pt (78) | 35 | 6 | 29 | ¹⁹⁰Pt (6.5×10¹¹ y) | Catalysts, geochemistry |
| Au (79) | 36 | 1 | 35 | ¹⁹⁸Au (2.7 d) | Cancer therapy, tracers |
| Hg (80) | 38 | 7 | 31 | ¹⁹⁷Hg (2.7 d) | Dental, lighting, neutron capture |
| Tl (81) | 39 | 2 | 37 | ²⁰⁴Tl (3.8 y) | Radiotracer, toxicology |
| Pb (82) | 43 | 4 | 39 | ²⁰⁸Pb (stable) / ²⁰⁹Pb (3.25 h) | Shielding, batteries, dating |
| Bi (83) | 41 | 0 | 41 | ²⁰⁹Bi (1.9×10¹⁹ y, α) | Radiotherapy seeds, neutron capture |
| Po (84) | 42 | 0 | 42 | ²¹⁰Po (138 d) | α source, RTGs (rare) |
| At (85) | 39 | 0 | 39 | ²¹⁰At (8.1 h) | Targeted α therapy |
| Rn (86) | 39 | 0 | 39 | ²²²Rn (3.82 d) | Environmental tracer, health hazard |
| Fr (87) | 34 | 0 | 34 | ²²³Fr (22 min) | Research only |
| Ra (88) | 34 | 0 | 34 | ²²⁶Ra (1,600 y) | Radiotherapy, luminous paints (historical) |
| Ac (89) | 33 | 0 | 33 | ²²⁷Ac (21.8 y) | Cancer therapy (targeted α therapy) |
| Th (90) | 31 | 0 | 31 | ²³²Th (1.4×10¹⁰ y) | Thorium fuel cycle, dating |
| Pa (91) | 29 | 0 | 29 | ²³¹Pa (3.28×10⁴ y) | Geochronology (U–Th–Pa series) |
| U (92) | 28 | 0 | 28 | ²³⁸U (4.47 By) | Dating, reactors, weapons |
| Np (93) | 20 | 0 | 20 | ²³⁷Np (2.14 My) | RTGs, waste studies |
| Pu (94) | 20 | 0 | 20 | ²⁴⁴Pu (80 My, extinct) | Weapons, fuel, RTGs |
| Am (95) | 17 | 0 | 17 | ²⁴³Am (7.37×10³ y) | Smoke detectors, gauges |
| Cm (96) | 19 | 0 | 19 | ²⁴⁸Cm (3.48×10⁵ y) | Neutron sources |
| Bk (97) | 21 | 0 | 21 | ²⁴⁷Bk (1.4×10³ y) | SH element targets |
| Cf (98) | 20 | 0 | 20 | ²⁵¹Cf (898 y) | Neutron source (²⁵²Cf) |
| Es (99) | 18 | 0 | 18 | ²⁵²Es (1.3 y) | Irradiation research |
| Fm (100) | 19 | 0 | 19 | ²⁵⁷Fm (100 d) | Nuclear studies |
| Md (101) | 16 | 0 | 16 | ²⁶⁰Md (31.8 d) | Tracer studies |
| No (102) | 13 | 0 | 13 | ²⁶⁰No (107 min) | Chemistry studies |
| Lr (103) | 16 | 0 | 16 | ²⁶⁶Lr (11 h) | Longest-lived Lr |
| Rf (104) | 18 | 0 | 18 | ²⁶⁸Rf (1 h) | Chemical studies |
| Db (105) | 16 | 0 | 16 | ²⁶⁸Db (29 h) | Longest-lived Db |
| Sg (106) | 14 | 0 | 14 | ²⁷¹Sg (2.4 min) | Research |
| Bh (107) | 15 | 0 | 15 | ²⁷¹Bh (1.5 min) | Research |
| Hs (108) | 15 | 0 | 15 | ²⁷⁰Hs (22 s) | Research |
| Mt (109) | 13 | 0 | 13 | ²⁷⁸Mt (4.5 s) | Research |
| Ds (110) | 15 | 0 | 15 | ²⁸¹Ds (9.6 s) | Research |
| Rg (111) | 11 | 0 | 11 | ²⁸²Rg (2.1 min) | Research |
| Cn (112) | 9 | 0 | 9 | ²⁸⁵Cn (29 s) | Chemistry |
| Nh (113) | 9 | 0 | 9 | ²⁸⁶Nh (20 s) | Chemistry |
| Fl (114) | 6 | 0 | 6 | ²⁹⁰Fl (19 s) | Chemistry |
| Mc (115) | 4 | 0 | 4 | ²⁹⁰Mc (0.8 s) | Chemistry |
| Lv (116) | 4 | 0 | 4 | ²⁹³Lv (60 ms) | Research |
| Ts (117) | 2 | 0 | 2 | ²⁹⁴Ts (78 ms) | Research |
| Og (118) | 1 | 0 | 1 | ²⁹⁴Og (0.89 ms) | Research |
Totals
- Total elements: 118
- Total isotopes known: 3269
- Total stable (strict IUPAC): 272
- Total unstable (computed): 2997
Isotope Master Summary (Z = 1 → 118) – SolveForce Communications
Welcome to Adaptive Energy Systems (AES™)
↔Translate↔Transduce↔Modulate↔Demodulate↔ – SolveForce Communications
📊 Isotope Summary Table (Z = 1 → 118) – SolveForce Communications
Key terms in plain language
Open a term for a concise explanation of language used on this page.
Fiber Internet
Internet delivered through strands of glass using light. Fiber commonly supports high capacity, low latency, and strong upload performance, but availability must be confirmed for the exact address.
VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol carries phone calls over an IP network instead of a traditional analog phone line. Call quality depends on network stability, latency, and traffic management.
Unified Communications (UCaaS)
A cloud-based combination of business calling, messaging, meetings, presence, and collaboration tools managed as one communications service.
SIP Trunking
A service that connects a business phone system to the public telephone network using Internet Protocol, replacing or supplementing traditional phone lines.
Bandwidth
The amount of data a connection can carry in a given time, usually measured in Mbps or Gbps. More bandwidth supports more users, devices, and simultaneous applications.
Latency
The time it takes data to travel between two points. Lower latency improves voice, video meetings, cloud applications, gaming, and other real-time services.