Isotope Catalog with Total Known Isotopes per Element

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The Isotope Catalog with Total Known Isotopes per element is based on the comprehensive data from the Photographic Periodic Table (as of mid-2025) and adjusted for the confirmed 2025 discoveries (Al-20, At-188, Pa-210, Sg-257, Cn-280, Lv-288, Lv-289), the total number of known isotopes is next to each element’s symbol in the batches. The base counts are from the source, with +1 or +2 for new ones.

• Total known isotopes globally: ~3,400 (251 stable + ~3,149 radioisotopes).
• Adjustments: Al (now 23), At (32), Pa (30), Sg (17), Cn (10), Lv (6).

Batch 1: Elements 1–10 (H → Ne) Isotopes

• H (7 isotopes)
  • ¹H (protium): Stable, —, Biochemistry (life’s proton source), Water, organics, 99.98% of H
  • ²H (deuterium): Stable, —, Biochemistry (enzyme kinetics), Materials (fusion fuel), Heavy water, NMR, 0.02% of H
  • ³H (tritium): 12.3 y, β⁻, Nuclear (fusion fuel), tracer in DNA, Radiolabels, fusion, Cosmogenic, man-made
• He (9 isotopes)
  • ³He: Stable, —, Physics (low-T systems), Materials, Cryogenics, fusion research, Rare isotope
  • ⁴He: Stable, —, Earth science (noble gas geochem), Physics, Alpha particles, cooling, Dominant isotope
• Li (10 isotopes)
  • ⁶Li: Stable, —, Nuclear (breeder tritium), Materials, Fusion blankets, ceramics, High neutron cross-section
  • ⁷Li: Stable, —, Biochemistry (therapeutic salts), Energy, Batteries, psychiatry, Majority isotope
• C (15 isotopes)
  • ¹²C: Stable, —, Life backbone (proteins, DNA, codons), Organic chemistry, 99% of C
  • ¹³C: Stable, —, Biochemistry (isotopic tracing), Earth science, NMR, metabolic flux, 1% of C
  • ¹⁴C: 5,730 y, β⁻, Biology/Earth (radiodating), Linguistic “temporal codon”, Archaeology, Produced by cosmic rays
• N (16 isotopes)
  • ¹⁴N: Stable, —, Amino acid codon mapping, atmosphere, Proteins, fertilizers, Dominant
  • ¹⁵N: Stable, —, Biochemistry (metabolic tracer), Genetics, NMR, stable isotope probing, Heavy N in DNA studies
• O (17 isotopes)
  • ¹⁶O: Stable, —, Respiration, water chemistry, Atmosphere, oxides, Most abundant
  • ¹⁷O: Stable, —, Earth science (paleoclimate tracer), Water cycle tracers, Rare
  • ¹⁸O: Stable, —, Paleoclimate isotopes, codon stability analogy, Ice cores, geochemistry, Stable isotope
• F (18 isotopes)
  • ¹⁹F: Stable, —, Biochemistry (enzyme inhibitors), Materials, Organofluorines, Only stable isotope
• Ne (19 isotopes)
  • ²⁰Ne: Stable, —, Noble gas baseline, Lighting, plasma, Most abundant
  • ²¹Ne: Stable, —, Cosmic ray spallation tracer, Geology, meteorites, Rare
  • ²²Ne: Stable, —, Geochemistry, Earth formation, Meteorites, Isotope ratios key

Batch 2: Elements 11–20 (Na → Ca) Isotopes

• Na (20 isotopes)
  • ²³Na: Stable, —, Biochemistry (nerve impulses, electrolytes), Salt metabolism, MRI (23Na imaging), Only stable Na isotope
  • ²²Na: 2.6 y, β⁺, γ, Nuclear tracer, PET scans, positron sources, Produced in accelerators
• Mg (22 isotopes)
  • ²⁴Mg: Stable, —, Enzyme cofactor, chlorophyll, Structural biology, Most abundant Mg
  • ²⁵Mg: Stable, —, NMR-active isotope, Metabolic tracing, Minor stable isotope
  • ²⁶Mg: Stable, —, Geochemistry (cosmic dust), Isotopic dating, Product of ²⁶Al decay
• Al (23 isotopes) – +1 for 2025 discovery
  • ²⁷Al: Stable, —, Earth’s crust backbone, alloys, Aerospace, ceramics, Only stable Al isotope
  • ²⁶Al: 717,000 y, β⁺, Cosmic chronometer, Dating meteorites, Cosmogenic isotope
  • ²⁰Al: Short, Three-proton emission, Nuclear astrophysics (exotic decay beyond proton drip line), Understanding atomic stability, New 2025 – Discovered July 2025
• Si (23 isotopes)
  • ²⁸Si: Stable, —, Semiconductors, lithosphere, Electronics, solar cells, Majority isotope
  • ²⁹Si: Stable, —, NMR-active, Structural bio studies, Used in silicate NMR
  • ³⁰Si: Stable, —, Isotopic fingerprinting, Geochemistry, Minor isotope
• P (23 isotopes)
  • ³¹P: Stable, —, DNA, ATP, phosphates, Biochemistry, NMR, Only stable P isotope
  • ³²P: 14.3 d, β⁻, Tracer in molecular biology, Radiolabels in DNA/RNA, Widely used in labs
• S (24 isotopes)
  • ³²S: Stable, —, Proteins, amino acids (Met, Cys), Biochemistry, Majority isotope
  • ³³S: Stable, —, Isotope fractionation studies, Geochemistry, Rare
  • ³⁴S: Stable, —, Biochemistry, metabolic pathways, Sulfur cycle, Important in isotopic ecology
  • ³⁶S: Stable, —, Rare isotope, Environmental tracing, Very low abundance
• Cl (24 isotopes)
  • ³⁵Cl: Stable, —, Salts, biochemistry (electrolytes), MRI potential, industry, Majority isotope
  • ³⁷Cl: Stable, —, Isotope ratios in geochemistry, Tracers, Minority isotope
  • ³⁶Cl: 301,000 y, β⁻, Environmental tracer, Groundwater dating, Cosmogenic isotope
• Ar (24 isotopes)
  • ³⁶Ar: Stable, —, Noble gas geochemistry, Geochronology, Minor isotope
  • ³⁸Ar: Stable, —, Atmospheric science, Tracer, Rare isotope
  • ⁴⁰Ar: Stable, —, Radiometric dating (K-Ar), Geology, volcanology, Dominant isotope
  • ³⁹Ar: 269 y, β⁻, Hydrology tracer, Groundwater studies, Produced cosmogenically
• K (24 isotopes)
  • ³⁹K: Stable, —, Essential ion (nerve function), Agriculture, nutrition, Majority isotope
  • ⁴⁰K: 1.25 B y, β⁻, EC, Geological clock, Radiodating, Source of ⁴⁰Ar
  • ⁴¹K: Stable, —, Isotope tracer, Biogeochemistry, Stable isotope
• Ca (24 isotopes)
  • ⁴⁰Ca: Stable, —, Bones, shells, biominerals, Biochemistry, geology, Most abundant
  • ⁴¹Ca: 100,000 y, β⁻, Cosmogenic tracer, Geochronology, Rare
  • ⁴²Ca, ⁴³Ca, ⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁶Ca, ⁴⁸Ca: Stable, —, Stable isotopes, rare, Ca isotope analysis, ⁴⁸Ca is doubly magic, nuclear physics

Batch 3: Elements 21–30 (Sc → Zn) Isotopes

• Sc (25 isotopes)
  • ⁴⁵Sc: Stable, —, Trace element in biology, alloys, NMR marker (45Sc), Only stable isotope
  • ⁴⁶Sc: 83.8 d, β⁻, γ, Radiotracer in materials, Pipeline integrity tests, γ emitter
• Ti (26 isotopes)
  • ⁴⁶Ti, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti, ⁵⁰Ti: Stable, —, Structural alloys, bone implants, Aerospace, medical, ⁴⁸Ti most abundant
  • ⁴⁴Ti: 60 y, EC, γ, Astrophysical tracer, Supernova nucleosynthesis, Produced in stars
• V (26 isotopes)
  • ⁵⁰V: 1.5×10¹⁷ y, β⁻ (rare), Nuclear chronometer, Radiochemistry, Very long-lived
  • ⁵¹V: Stable, —, Enzyme cofactor (vanadium haloperoxidases), Catalysts, Only stable isotope
• Cr (26 isotopes)
  • ⁵⁰Cr, ⁵²Cr, ⁵³Cr, ⁵⁴Cr: Stable, —, Catalysis, alloys, Stainless steel, ⁵²Cr most abundant
  • ⁵³Cr: Stable, —, Tracer for metabolic processes, Isotope ecology, Minor isotope
• Mn (26 isotopes)
  • ⁵⁵Mn: Stable, —, Cofactor in enzymes (Mn superoxide dismutase), Metalloproteins, steels, Only stable isotope
  • ⁵⁴Mn: 312 d, EC, γ, Radiotracer, Environmental tracing, Produced in reactors
• Fe (28 isotopes)
  • ⁵⁴Fe, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁸Fe: Stable, —, Hemoglobin, enzymes, alloys, Steel, biology, ⁵⁶Fe dominant
  • ⁶⁰Fe: 2.6 My, β⁻, Astrophysical tracer, Cosmochemistry, Found in meteorites
• Co (29 isotopes)
  • ⁵⁹Co: Stable, —, Vitamin B₁₂ core, Nutrition, alloys, Only stable isotope
  • ⁶⁰Co: 5.27 y, β⁻, γ, Radiotherapy, sterilization, Cancer treatment, irradiation, Intense γ emitter
• Ni (31 isotopes)
  • ⁵⁸Ni, ⁶⁰Ni, ⁶¹Ni, ⁶²Ni, ⁶⁴Ni: Stable, —, Alloys, enzymes (Ni-Fe hydrogenase), Coins, catalysis, ⁵⁸Ni most abundant
  • ⁵⁹Ni: 76 ky, β⁻, Cosmogenic tracer, Dating meteorites, Used in nuclear waste studies
• Cu (29 isotopes)
  • ⁶³Cu, ⁶⁵Cu: Stable, —, Cofactor in enzymes (cytochrome oxidase), Wiring, catalysis, ⁶³Cu dominant
  • ⁶⁴Cu: 12.7 h, β⁺, β⁻, Medical PET imaging, Radiotherapy, diagnostics, Versatile isotope
• Zn (30 isotopes)
  • ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁶⁷Zn, ⁶⁸Zn, ⁷⁰Zn: Stable, —, Essential enzyme cofactor (zinc fingers in DNA), Biochemistry, alloys, ⁶⁴Zn dominant
  • ⁶⁵Zn: 244 d, EC, γ, Radiotracer, Nutrient tracing, Used in soil/plant studies

Batch 4: Elements 31–36 (Ga → Kr) Isotopes

• Ga (31 isotopes)
  • ⁶⁹Ga: Stable, —, Semiconductors (GaAs), Electronics, photonics, Majority isotope
  • ⁷¹Ga: Stable, —, Optoelectronics, Lasers, solar cells, Minority isotope
• Ge (32 isotopes)
  • ⁷⁰Ge, ⁷²Ge, ⁷³Ge, ⁷⁴Ge, ⁷⁶Ge: Stable, —, Semiconductors, IR optics, Fiber optics, detectors, All stable isotopes
  • ⁷⁶Ge: Stable (double β decay candidate), —, Nuclear physics, Neutrino research, Rare
• As (33 isotopes)
  • ⁷⁵As: Stable, —, Semiconductors (GaAs), Electronics, toxicology, Only stable isotope
  • ⁷³As: 80.3 d, β⁻, Radiotracer, Biomedical research, Lab isotope
• Se (30 isotopes)
  • ⁷⁴Se, ⁷⁶Se, ⁷⁷Se, ⁷⁸Se, ⁸⁰Se, ⁸²Se: Stable, —, Biology (selenoproteins), semiconductors, Nutrition, photovoltaics, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ⁷⁹Se: 3.27×10⁵ y, β⁻, Nuclear waste isotope, Long-lived fission product, Environmental tracer
• Br (31 isotopes)
  • ⁷⁹Br, ⁸¹Br: Stable, —, Flame retardants, organobromines, Chemistry, materials, Nearly 1:1 ratio
  • ⁸²Br: 35.3 h, β⁻, Radiotracer, Medicine, hydrology, Produced in labs
• Kr (32 isotopes)
  • ⁷⁸Kr, ⁸⁰Kr, ⁸²Kr, ⁸³Kr, ⁸⁴Kr, ⁸⁶Kr: Stable, —, Noble gas tracers, lasers, Lighting, MRI hyperpolarization, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ⁸⁵Kr: 10.8 y, β⁻, Environmental tracer, Nuclear reprocessing monitoring, Produced anthropogenically

Batch 5: Elements 37–40 (Rb → Zr) Isotopes

• Rb (32 isotopes)
  • ⁸⁵Rb: Stable, —, Resonance in quantum optics, Atomic clocks, NMR, Majority isotope
  • ⁸⁷Rb: 4.9×10¹⁰ y, β⁻, Geochronology (Rb–Sr dating), Earth science, geology, Long-lived radioisotope
• Sr (33 isotopes)
  • ⁸⁴Sr, ⁸⁶Sr, ⁸⁷Sr, ⁸⁸Sr: Stable, —, Bone health, geochemical tracers, Archaeology, forensics, ⁸⁸Sr dominant
  • ⁹⁰Sr: 28.8 y, β⁻, Environmental hazard, tracer, Fallout monitoring, medicine, Produced in fission
• Y (33 isotopes)
  • ⁸⁹Y: Stable, —, MRI contrast agents, materials, Alloys, medicine, Only stable isotope
  • ⁹⁰Y: 64 h, β⁻, Radiotherapy (cancer treatment), Nuclear medicine, Daughter of ⁹⁰Sr
• Zr (33 isotopes)
  • ⁹⁰Zr, ⁹¹Zr, ⁹²Zr, ⁹⁴Zr, ⁹⁶Zr: Stable, —, Reactor cladding (low neutron absorption), Nuclear engineering, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ⁹⁶Zr: 2.0×10¹⁹ y, 2β⁻ (double beta decay candidate), Nuclear physics research, Neutrino studies, Very long half-life

Batch 6: Elements 41–44 (Nb → Ru) Isotopes

• Nb (33 isotopes)
  • ⁹³Nb: Stable, —, Superconducting materials, alloys, Electronics, MRI magnets, Only stable isotope
  • ⁹²Nb: 3.5×10⁷ y, β⁺, Cosmochemical tracer, Early solar system studies, Extinct radionuclide evidence
• Mo (33 isotopes)
  • ⁹²Mo, ⁹⁴Mo, ⁹⁵Mo, ⁹⁶Mo, ⁹⁷Mo, ⁹⁸Mo, ¹⁰⁰Mo: Stable, —, Enzyme cofactor (molybdoenzymes), alloys, Biochemistry, catalysis, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ⁹⁹Mo: 66 h, β⁻, Parent of ⁹⁹ᵐTc (medical imaging), Nuclear medicine, Produced in reactors
• Tc (34 isotopes)
  • ⁹⁹ᵐTc: 6 h, Isomeric transition, γ, Medical tracer (SPECT), Nuclear medicine (80% scans), Most used diagnostic isotope
  • ⁹⁸Tc: 4.2 My, β⁻, Nuclear astrophysics, Supernova nucleosynthesis, Long-lived
• Ru (34 isotopes)
  • ⁹⁶Ru, ⁹⁸Ru, ⁹⁹Ru, ¹⁰⁰Ru, ¹⁰¹Ru, ¹⁰²Ru, ¹⁰⁴Ru: Stable, —, Catalysts, electronics, alloys, Chemical industry, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ¹⁰⁶Ru: 373 d, β⁻, Radiotracer, Environmental monitoring, Fission product

Batch 7: Elements 45–48 (Rh → Cd) Isotopes

• Rh (34 isotopes)
  • ¹⁰³Rh: Stable, —, Catalysts (hydrogenation), alloys, Jewelry, electronics, Only stable isotope
  • ¹⁰²Rh: 2.9 y, β⁻, Radiotracer, Research isotope, Produced in reactors
• Pd (34 isotopes)
  • ¹⁰²Pd, ¹⁰⁴Pd, ¹⁰⁵Pd, ¹⁰⁶Pd, ¹⁰⁸Pd, ¹¹⁰Pd: Stable, —, Hydrogen absorption, catalysis, Automotive catalysts, fuel cells, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ¹⁰⁷Pd: 6.5 My, β⁻, Extinct radionuclide, Early solar system tracer, Cosmochemistry
• Ag (38 isotopes)
  • ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹⁰⁹Ag: Stable, —, Conductors, alloys, antimicrobial, Electronics, medicine, Both isotopes stable
  • ¹¹⁰ᵐAg: 250 d, Isomeric transition, Radiotracer, neutron activation, Nuclear science, Metastable
• Cd (38 isotopes)
  • ¹⁰⁶Cd, ¹⁰⁸Cd, ¹¹⁰Cd, ¹¹¹Cd, ¹¹²Cd, ¹¹³Cd, ¹¹⁴Cd, ¹¹⁶Cd: Stable, —, Neutron absorbers, alloys, Control rods, pigments, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ¹¹³ᵐCd: 14 y, Isomeric transition, Radiotracer, Environmental monitoring, Commonly studied isotope

Batch 8: Elements 49–54 (In → Xe) Isotopes

• In (39 isotopes)
  • ¹¹³In: Stable, —, Alloys, semiconductors, Electronics (touchscreens), One of two stable isotopes
  • ¹¹⁵In: Stable (very long-lived), β⁻ (rare), Nuclear chronometer, Low-energy decay studies, 95% natural In
• Sn (39 isotopes)
  • ¹¹²Sn, ¹¹⁴Sn, ¹¹⁵Sn, ¹¹⁶Sn, ¹¹⁷Sn, ¹¹⁸Sn, ¹¹⁹Sn, ¹²⁰Sn, ¹²²Sn, ¹²⁴Sn: Stable, —, Alloys (bronze, solder), isotopic tracers, Electronics, archaeology, 10 stable isotopes (most of any element)
  • ¹²⁶Sn: 230 ky, β⁻, Long-lived radionuclide, Nuclear waste studies, Extremely rare
• Sb (36 isotopes)
  • ¹²¹Sb, ¹²³Sb: Stable, —, Semiconductors, alloys, Flame retardants, diodes, Both stable
  • ¹²⁴Sb: 60 d, β⁻, γ, Radiotracer, Industrial monitoring, Reactor product
• Te (38 isotopes)
  • ¹²⁰Te, ¹²²Te, ¹²³Te, ¹²⁴Te, ¹²⁵Te, ¹²⁶Te, ¹²⁸Te, ¹³⁰Te: Stable, —, Thermoelectrics, semiconductors, Solar cells, alloys, 8 stable isotopes
  • ¹³⁰Te: Stable (double β candidate), —, Neutrino physics, Cosmology, detectors, Extremely long half-life
• I (37 isotopes)
  • ¹²⁷I: Stable, —, Essential to thyroid hormones, Medicine, nutrition, Only stable isotope
  • ¹³¹I: 8 d, β⁻, γ, Medical therapy (thyroid cancer), Radiotherapy, diagnostics, Produced in fission
• Xe (38 isotopes)
  • ¹²⁴Xe, ¹²⁶Xe, ¹²⁸Xe, ¹²⁹Xe, ¹³⁰Xe, ¹³¹Xe, ¹³²Xe, ¹³⁴Xe, ¹³⁶Xe: Stable, —, Noble gas tracers, hyperpolarized MRI, Geology, imaging, 9 stable isotopes
  • ¹³⁵Xe: 9 h, β⁻, Reactor poison (absorber), Nuclear safety, Produced in fission

Batch 9: Elements 55–60 (Cs → Nd) Isotopes

• Cs (40 isotopes)
  • ¹³³Cs: Stable, —, Quantum standards, timekeeping, Atomic clocks (hyperfine transition), Only stable isotope
  • ¹³⁷Cs: 30 y, β⁻, γ, Environmental tracer, medicine, Radiotherapy, fallout studies, Key fission product
• Ba (40 isotopes)
  • ¹³⁰Ba, ¹³²Ba, ¹³⁴Ba, ¹³⁵Ba, ¹³⁶Ba, ¹³⁷Ba, ¹³⁸Ba: Stable, —, Geochemistry, ceramics, superconductors, Materials science, ¹³⁸Ba dominant
  • ¹³³Ba: 10.5 y, β⁻, γ, Radiotracer, Medicine, calibration, Used in labs
• La (39 isotopes)
  • ¹³⁸La: 1.05×10¹¹ y, β⁻, EC, Cosmochemical chronometer, Rare-earth dating, Very long-lived
  • ¹³⁹La: Stable, —, Rare-earth alloys, catalysts, Materials science, Only naturally abundant stable isotope
• Ce (39 isotopes)
  • ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, ¹⁴⁰Ce, ¹⁴²Ce: Stable, —, Catalysts, glass polishing, nuclear fuels, Renewable energy, optics, ¹⁴⁰Ce dominant
  • ¹⁴⁴Ce: 285 d, β⁻, Reactor fission product, Environmental monitoring, Produced in reactors
• Pr (39 isotopes)
  • ¹⁴¹Pr: Stable, —, Magnets, alloys, ceramics, Green phosphors, optics, Only stable isotope
  • ¹⁴³Pr: 13.6 d, β⁻, Radiotracer, Medicine, reactor product, Synthetic isotope
• Nd (38 isotopes)
  • ¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴³Nd, ¹⁴⁴Nd, ¹⁴⁵Nd, ¹⁴⁶Nd, ¹⁴⁸Nd, ¹⁵⁰Nd: Stable, —, Rare-earth magnets, lasers, Renewable energy, materials, ¹⁴²Nd most abundant
  • ¹⁵⁰Nd: 7×10¹⁸ y, 2β⁻ (double β decay candidate), Neutrino physics, Nuclear matrix studies, Ultra-long half-life

Batch 10: Elements 61–64 (Pm → Gd) Isotopes

• Pm (38 isotopes)
  • — (no stable isotopes): —, —, Nuclear science, luminescence, Reactor byproduct, betavoltaics, Only element without stable isotope besides Tc
  • ¹⁴⁵Pm: 17.7 y, β⁻, Nuclear batteries, Space power sources, Produced in reactors
  • ¹⁴⁷Pm: 2.6 y, β⁻, Nuclear batteries, luminous paint, Space probes, gauges, Major fission product
• Sm (38 isotopes)
  • ¹⁴⁴Sm, ¹⁴⁹Sm, ¹⁵⁰Sm, ¹⁵²Sm, ¹⁵⁴Sm: Stable, —, Reactor neutron absorbers, magnets, Control rods, SmCo magnets, ¹⁵²Sm used in therapy
  • ¹⁵¹Sm: 90 y, β⁻, Radiotherapy, Cancer treatment, Reactor-produced
• Eu (38 isotopes)
  • ¹⁵¹Eu, ¹⁵³Eu: Stable, —, Phosphors, luminescence, TV, LEDs, lasers, Red phosphor in displays
  • ¹⁵²Eu: 13 y, β⁻, γ, Environmental tracer, Nuclear science, forensics, Long-lived
• Gd (36 isotopes)
  • ¹⁵²Gd, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁵⁵Gd, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁸Gd, ¹⁶⁰Gd: Stable, —, MRI contrast, neutron absorbers, Medicine, reactors, ¹⁵⁷Gd has huge neutron cross-section
  • ¹⁵³Gd: 242 d, EC, γ, Imaging isotope, Medicine, calibration, Produced in reactors

Batch 11: Elements 65–66 (Tb → Dy) Isotopes

• Tb (36 isotopes)
  • ¹⁵⁹Tb: Stable, —, Rare-earth magnets, phosphors, Green phosphors in lighting, lasers, Only stable isotope
  • ¹⁵⁸Tb: 180 y, EC, γ, Radiotracer, Nuclear science, Produced in reactors
• Dy (36 isotopes)
  • ¹⁵⁶Dy, ¹⁵⁸Dy, ¹⁶⁰Dy, ¹⁶¹Dy, ¹⁶²Dy, ¹⁶³Dy, ¹⁶⁴Dy: Stable, —, Magnets, neutron shielding, Wind turbines, nuclear reactors, ¹⁶⁴Dy most abundant
  • ¹⁵⁷Dy: 8.1 h, EC, γ, Radiotracer, Nuclear medicine, Synthetic isotope

Batch 12: Elements 67–68 (Ho → Er) Isotopes

• Ho (36 isotopes)
  • ¹⁶⁵Ho: Stable, —, Magnetic alloys, nuclear targets, Alloys, laser materials, Only stable isotope
  • ¹⁶⁶Ho: 26.8 h, β⁻, γ, Radiotherapy, nuclear medicine, Cancer treatment, Reactor-produced
• Er (35 isotopes)
  • ¹⁶²Er, ¹⁶⁴Er, ¹⁶⁶Er, ¹⁶⁷Er, ¹⁶⁸Er, ¹⁷⁰Er: Stable, —, Optical amplifiers, lasers, Fiber optics, telecom, ¹⁶⁶Er most abundant
  • ¹⁶⁹Er: 9.4 d, β⁻, γ, Radiotherapy, Nuclear medicine, Used for cancer treatments

Batch 13: Elements 69–70 (Tm → Yb) Isotopes

• Tm (35 isotopes)
  • ¹⁶⁹Tm: Stable, —, Magnetic resonance materials, alloys, Portable X-ray devices, lasers, Only stable isotope
  • ¹⁷⁰Tm: 128 d, β⁻, γ, Radiotherapy, industrial radiography, Cancer treatment, gauges, Reactor-produced
• Yb (35 isotopes)
  • ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb, ¹⁷¹Yb, ¹⁷²Yb, ¹⁷³Yb, ¹⁷⁴Yb, ¹⁷⁶Yb: Stable, —, Quantum optics, lasers, superconductors, Fiber lasers, atomic clocks, ¹⁷⁴Yb most abundant
  • ¹⁶⁹Yb: 32 d, β⁻, Medical isotope, Nuclear medicine, Less common, synthetic

Batch 14: Elements 71–72 (Lu → Hf) Isotopes

• Lu (35 isotopes)
  • ¹⁷⁵Lu: Stable, —, Rare-earth alloys, catalysts, PET isotope target, electronics, Majority isotope
  • ¹⁷⁶Lu: 3.78×10¹⁰ y, β⁻, Geological chronometer, Radiometric dating (Lu–Hf system), Very long-lived
  • ¹⁷⁷Lu: 6.7 d, β⁻, γ, Radiotherapy (targeted cancer treatment), Nuclear medicine, One of the most important modern therapy isotopes
• Hf (36 isotopes)
  • ¹⁷⁴Hf, ¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, ¹⁸⁰Hf: Stable, —, Reactor control rods (high neutron absorption), superalloys, Nuclear engineering, aerospace, ¹⁸⁰Hf most abundant
  • ¹⁷⁸ᵐ2Hf: 31 y, Isomeric transition, Energy storage research, Controlled release studies, “Nuclear isomer battery” candidate

Batch 15: Elements 73–74 (Ta → W) Isotopes

• Ta (36 isotopes)
  • ¹⁸¹Ta: Stable, —, Electronics, superalloys, Capacitors, turbine blades, Only naturally stable isotope
  • ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa: >10¹⁵ y (metastable), Isomeric transition (rare), Nuclear isomer research, Longest-lived nuclear isomer known, Ultra-rare in nature
• W (35 isotopes)
  • ¹⁸²W, ¹⁸³W, ¹⁸⁴W, ¹⁸⁶W: Stable, —, Superalloys, filaments, electrodes, Aerospace, lighting, electronics, ¹⁸⁴W most abundant
  • ¹⁸⁰W: Stable (trace), —, Nuclear physics interest, Very rare isotope, ~0.12% abundance
  • ¹⁸²W: Stable, but linked with extinct ¹⁸²Hf decay, β⁻ (¹⁸²Hf → ¹⁸²W), Geochronology (Hf-W system), Early solar system dating, Links to planetary formation

Batch 16: Elements 75–76 (Re → Os) Isotopes

• Re (35 isotopes)
  • ¹⁸⁵Re: Stable, —, Superalloys, catalysts, Aerospace turbines, Pt-Re catalysts, ~37% natural abundance
  • ¹⁸⁷Re: 4.1×10¹⁰ y, β⁻ → ¹⁸⁷Os, Geochronology (Re–Os dating), Dating ancient rocks, ore deposits, Very long-lived
• Os (35 isotopes)
  • ¹⁸⁴Os, ¹⁸⁷Os, ¹⁸⁸Os, ¹⁸⁹Os, ¹⁹⁰Os, ¹⁹²Os: Stable, —, Geochemistry, superalloys, Dating mantle processes, ¹⁹²Os most abundant
  • ¹⁸⁷Os: Stable, but radiogenic from ¹⁸⁷Re decay, —, Chronometer for Earth’s mantle/core evolution, Geochronology, Links directly to ¹⁸⁷Re system
  • ¹⁹¹Os: 15.4 d, β⁻, Radiotracer, Nuclear science, Produced in reactors

Batch 17: Elements 77–78 (Ir → Pt) Isotopes

• Ir (36 isotopes)
  • ¹⁹¹Ir, ¹⁹³Ir: Stable, —, Catalysts, high-density alloys, Hydrogenation, spark plugs, crucibles, Both naturally abundant
  • ¹⁹²Ir: 74 d, β⁻, γ, Radiotherapy, industrial radiography, Cancer treatment, non-destructive testing, Reactor-produced
• Pt (37 isotopes)
  • ¹⁹⁰Pt, ¹⁹⁴Pt, ¹⁹⁵Pt, ¹⁹⁶Pt, ¹⁹⁸Pt: Stable, —, Catalysts (automotive, fuel cells), jewelry, Electronics, chemistry, ¹⁹⁵Pt is NMR-active
  • ¹⁹³Pt: 50 y, β⁻, Radiotracer, Medical, environmental tracing, Synthetic
  • ¹⁹²Pt: Stable (trace), —, Rare isotope of platinum, Nuclear studies, Very low natural abundance

Batch 18: Elements 79–80 (Au → Hg) Isotopes

• Au (37 isotopes)
  • ¹⁹⁷Au: Stable, —, Cultural/economic archetype, nanomedicine, Jewelry, finance, nanotech, Only stable isotope of gold
  • ¹⁹⁸Au: 2.7 d, β⁻, γ, Radiotherapy, radiotracer, Cancer treatments, medicine, Produced in reactors
• Hg (40 isotopes)
  • ¹⁹⁶Hg, ¹⁹⁸Hg, ¹⁹⁹Hg, ²⁰⁰Hg, ²⁰¹Hg, ²⁰²Hg, ²⁰⁴Hg: Stable, —, Environmental cycles, toxicology, superconductors, Pollution tracing, materials, Multiple stable isotopes
  • ¹⁹⁷Hg: 64 h, EC, γ, Radiotracer, Biomedical and environmental studies, Synthetic
  • ¹⁹⁵Hg: 10 h, EC, γ, Research isotope, Physics experiments, Rarely used

Batch 19: Elements 81–82 (Tl → Pb) Isotopes

• Tl (37 isotopes)
  • ²⁰³Tl, ²⁰⁵Tl: Stable, —, Toxicology, semiconductors, radiopharmaceuticals, Electronics, medicine, Both stable isotopes
  • ²⁰¹Tl: 73 h, EC, γ, Nuclear medicine (cardiac imaging), Radiotracer, Common in SPECT imaging
• Pb (38 isotopes)
  • ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb: Stable, —, Shielding, pipes, pigments (historic), Radiation shielding, geology, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb are uranium/thorium end-products
  • ²¹⁰Pb: 22 y, β⁻, Environmental tracer, Dating sediments, pollution tracking, Part of uranium decay chain
  • ²¹²Pb: 10.6 h, β⁻, Radiotracer, Thorium decay chain monitoring, Used in nuclear research

Batch 20: Elements 83–84 (Bi → Po) Isotopes

• Bi (36 isotopes)
  • ²⁰⁹Bi: 1.9×10¹⁹ y (effectively stable), α (very rare), Alloys, medicine, nuclear end-chain, Pharmaceuticals, low-toxicity alloys, Once thought stable; now known radioactive
  • ²¹⁰Bi: 5 d, β⁻, Part of uranium decay chain, Environmental tracer, Produced from ²¹⁰Pb
• Po (33 isotopes)
  • ²¹⁰Po: 138 d, α, High-energy alpha source, RTGs, Space power, static eliminators, Extremely toxic, used in RTGs
  • ²⁰⁹Po: 103 y, α, Long-lived α emitter, Nuclear science, Rare synthetic isotope
  • ²¹¹Po: 0.5 s, α, Medical isotope research, Targeted alpha therapy (TAT), Ultra-short-lived

Batch 21: Elements 85–86 (At → Rn) Isotopes

• At (32 isotopes) – +1 for 2025 discovery
  • ²¹⁰At: 8.1 h, α, β⁺, Targeted alpha therapy (TAT), Experimental cancer treatments, Produced in cyclotrons
  • ²¹¹At: 7.2 h, α, Radiotherapy, Used in targeted cancer research, Considered most promising medical isotope
  • ¹⁸⁸At: Short, Proton emission, Nuclear physics (heaviest known proton emitter), Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) in cancer research, New 2025 – Discovered 2025
  • — (all isotopes radioactive): —, —, Radiopharmaceutical research, None stable, Rarest halogen on Earth
• Rn (34 isotopes)
  • ²²²Rn: 3.8 d, α, Environmental hazard, Geology, health physics, Uranium decay chain product
  • ²²⁰Rn (thoron): 55 s, α, Environmental tracer, Soil gas studies, From thorium decay
  • ²¹⁹Rn (actinon): 4 s, α, Nuclear physics, Short-lived tracer, From actinium decay

Batch 22: Elements 87–88 (Fr → Ra) Isotopes

• Fr (34 isotopes)
  • ²²³Fr: 22 m, β⁻, Nuclear physics research, Actinium decay product, Longest-lived isotope of francium
  • ²¹²Fr–²²⁴Fr: Seconds–minutes, α, β, Purely synthetic research isotopes, Nuclear chemistry, No stable isotopes; rarest alkali
• Ra (33 isotopes)
  • ²²³Ra: 11 d, α, Radiotherapy (bone cancer), Targeted alpha therapy (TAT), Still in medical trials
  • ²²⁴Ra: 3.6 d, α, Radiotherapy, Research in nuclear medicine, Thorium decay chain member
  • ²²⁶Ra: 1,600 y, α, Historical radiotherapy, luminous paint, Radium dials (now obsolete), Uranium decay chain product
  • ²²⁸Ra: 5.75 y, β⁻, Environmental tracer, Geology, ocean circulation, Thorium decay chain

Batch 23: Elements 89–90 (Ac → Th) Isotopes

• Ac (31 isotopes)
  • ²²⁷Ac: 21.8 y, β⁻, α, Radiotherapy (targeted alpha therapy), Cancer treatment, nuclear batteries, Longest-lived isotope
  • ²²⁵Ac: 10 d, α, Targeted alpha therapy (TAT), Breakthrough in nuclear medicine, Produced from ²²⁹Th
  • ²²⁶Ac: 29 h, β⁻, Research isotope, Nuclear physics, Synthetic
• Th (30 isotopes)
  • ²³²Th: 1.4×10¹⁰ y, α, Nuclear fuel, geochronology, Thorium-based reactors, Most stable; primordial
  • ²³⁰Th: 75,000 y, α, Uranium–thorium dating, Ocean sediment dating, Intermediate in ²³⁸U decay
  • ²²⁹Th: 7,340 y, α, Research isotope, Timekeeping (nuclear clock candidate), Decays to ²²⁵Ra, ²²⁵Ac

Batch 24: Elements 91–92 (Pa → U) Isotopes

• Pa (30 isotopes) – +1 for 2025 discovery
  • ²³¹Pa: 32,760 y, α, Geochronology (U–Th–Pa dating), Ocean sediment dating, Longest-lived Pa isotope
  • ²³³Pa: 27 d, β⁻, Intermediate in ²³³U production, Thorium reactor fuel cycle, Synthetic
  • ²¹⁰Pa: Short (neutron-deficient), α (implied), Actinide research (extreme neutron deficiency), Early solar system studies and nuclear structure, New 2025 – Discovered June 2025
• U (26 isotopes)
  • ²³⁸U: 4.5×10⁹ y, α, Nuclear fuel, geochronology, Power reactors, dating Earth, Most abundant isotope
  • ²³⁵U: 704 My, α, Fissile fuel, Nuclear power, weapons, Fuel in light-water reactors
  • ²³⁴U: 246,000 y, α, Decay product of ²³⁸U, Nuclear science, Part of decay chain
  • ²³³U: 159,000 y, α, Fissile fuel (thorium cycle), Molten salt reactors, advanced designs, Produced from ²³²Th

Batch 25: Elements 93–94 (Np → Pu) Isotopes

• Np (20 isotopes)
  • ²³⁷Np: 2.14×10⁶ y, α, Nuclear waste management, Tracer for reactor safety, nuclear batteries, Longest-lived Np isotope
  • ²³⁹Np: 2.4 d, β⁻, Precursor in ²³⁹Pu production, Reactor fuel cycle, Produced from ²³⁸U
• Pu (20 isotopes)
  • ²³⁸Pu: 87.7 y, α, Energy heat source (RTGs), Space probes, pacemakers, Strong α emitter, used in NASA missions
  • ²³⁹Pu: 24,100 y, α, Fissile material, Nuclear weapons, power reactors, Iconic fissile isotope
  • ²⁴⁰Pu: 6,560 y, α, Reactor byproduct, Isotopic contaminant in fuel-grade Pu, Non-fissile, complicates weapons use
  • ²⁴¹Pu: 14 y, β⁻ → ²⁴¹Am, Reactor isotope, Decays to americium (waste heat source), Contributes to nuclear waste heat
  • ²⁴²Pu: 375,000 y, α, Waste isotope, Long-term nuclear stewardship, Very long-lived, low fissile value

Batch 26: Elements 95–96 (Am → Cm) Isotopes

• Am (19 isotopes)
  • ²⁴¹Am: 432 y, α, γ, Everyday nuclear use, Smoke detectors, gauges, Most common Am isotope in devices
  • ²⁴²Am: 16 h, β⁻, Research isotope, Physics experiments, Very short-lived
  • ²⁴³Am: 7,370 y, α, Long-lived waste isotope, Reactor waste management, Contributes to long-term radiotoxicity
• Cm (20 isotopes)
  • ²⁴⁴Cm: 18 y, α, Heat source isotope, Space power systems, research, Produces significant decay heat
  • ²⁴⁵Cm: 8,500 y, α, Long-lived actinide, Nuclear waste, Rare isotope
  • ²⁴⁶Cm: 4,700 y, α, Long-lived isotope, Reactor byproduct, Nuclear stewardship
  • ²⁴⁷Cm: 15.6 My, α, Extinct radionuclide tracer, Cosmochemistry, Once present in early solar system

Batch 27: Elements 97–98 (Bk → Cf) Isotopes

• Bk (20 isotopes)
  • ²⁴⁷Bk: 1,380 y, α, Nuclear research isotope, Used in heavy element synthesis, Longest-lived isotope
  • ²⁴⁹Bk: 330 d, β⁻, Precursor for ²⁵³Es production, Nuclear chemistry, Reactor-produced
• Cf (20 isotopes)
  • ²⁴⁹Cf: 351 y, α, Long-lived actinide, Nuclear research, waste studies, Stable enough for handling
  • ²⁵⁰Cf: 13 y, α, Research isotope, Reactor applications, Neutron emitter
  • ²⁵¹Cf: 898 y, α, Nuclear waste studies, Radiochemistry, Long-lived
  • ²⁵²Cf: 2.65 y, α, spontaneous fission, Powerful neutron source, Reactor startup, radiotherapy, oil well logging, Key isotope

Batch 28: Elements 99–100 (Es → Fm) Isotopes

• Es (19 isotopes)
  • ²⁵²Es: 472 d, β⁻, Nuclear research, heavy element synthesis, Used to produce mendelevium (²⁵³Md), First identified in 1952 (H-bomb debris)
  • ²⁵³Es: 20.5 d, β⁻, Research isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Short-lived, lab use
• Fm (19 isotopes)
  • ²⁵⁷Fm: 100 d, α, Longest-lived fermium isotope, Used in actinide research, Produced in reactors and explosions
  • ²⁵⁵Fm: 20 h, α, Synthetic isotope, Nuclear experiments, Discovered in 1952 thermonuclear test

Batch 29: Elements 101–102 (Md → No) Isotopes

• Md (18 isotopes)
  • ²⁵⁸Md: 51 d, α, Longest-lived Md isotope, Nuclear research, heavy element chemistry, Produced in accelerators
  • ²⁵⁶Md: 1.2 h, α, SF, Research isotope, Nuclear experiments, First Md isotope identified
  • ²⁵³Md: 6.3 h, α, Used to confirm element’s discovery, Synthetic, Named for Dmitri Mendeleev
• No (17 isotopes)
  • ²⁵⁹No: 58 m, α, Longest-lived No isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Accelerator-produced
  • ²⁵⁷No: 25 s, α, Research isotope, Studies of nuclear structure, Named for Alfred Nobel

Batch 30: Elements 103–104 (Lr → Rf) Isotopes

• Lr (16 isotopes)
  • ²⁶⁶Lr: ~11 h, α, SF, Longest-lived Lr isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Closing actinides; studied in accelerators
  • ²⁵⁶Lr: 27 s, α, SF, Research isotope, First identified isotope, Purely synthetic
  • ²⁵⁹Lr: 6 s, α, Research isotope, Nuclear structure studies, Accelerator-produced
• Rf (16 isotopes)
  • ²⁶⁷Rf: ~1.3 h, α, SF, Longest-lived Rf isotope, Nuclear science, Opens transactinide series
  • ²⁶¹Rf: 65 s, α, Research isotope, Confirmed discovery, First Rf isotope detected
  • ²⁶²Rf: 2.1 s, SF, Short-lived, Nuclear experiments, Synthesized in particle accelerators

Batch 31: Elements 105–106 (Db → Sg) Isotopes

• Db (16 isotopes)
  • ²⁶⁸Db: ~28 h, α, SF, Longest-lived Db isotope, Nuclear chemistry, structure research, Studied in heavy-ion labs
  • ²⁶²Db: 34 s, α, SF, Research isotope, First confirmed isotope, Purely synthetic
  • ²⁷⁰Db: ~1 h, α, Nuclear experiments, Shell stability studies, Evidence for “island of stability”
• Sg (17 isotopes) – +1 for 2025 discovery
  • ²⁶⁹Sg: ~3.1 m, α, SF, Longest-lived Sg isotope, Nuclear physics, Heavy-ion synthesis
  • ²⁶⁵Sg: 16 s, α, SF, Research isotope, Confirmed discovery, Synthetic
  • ²⁶⁷Sg: 1.4 m, α, Nuclear studies, Nuclear shell structure, Rarely produced
  • ²⁵⁷Sg: 12.6 ms, α / Spontaneous fission, Nuclear physics (superheavy nucleus; island of stability research), Advancing nuclear structure understanding, New 2025 – Discovered June 2025

Batch 32: Elements 107–108 (Bh → Hs) Isotopes

• Bh (16 isotopes)
  • ²⁷⁰Bh: ~61 s, α, Longest-lived Bh isotope, Nuclear structure studies, Provides evidence of nuclear shell effects
  • ²⁶⁷Bh: 17 s, α, Discovery isotope, Nuclear experiments, Accelerator-produced
  • ²⁷¹Bh: ~1.5 m, α, Research isotope, Nuclear stability studies, Rare; extended half-life
• Hs (15 isotopes)
  • ²⁷⁰Hs: 10 s, α, Longest-lived Hs isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Studies of superheavy elements
  • ²⁶⁹Hs: 9 s, α, Discovery isotope, Accelerator-produced, Confirms element synthesis
  • ²⁷¹Hs: ~11 s, α, Research isotope, Shell stability, Studied in heavy-ion collisions

Batch 33: Elements 109–110 (Mt → Ds) Isotopes

• Mt (15 isotopes)
  • ²⁷⁸Mt: ~7.6 s, α, Longest-lived Mt isotope, Nuclear structure studies, Named for physicist Lise Meitner
  • ²⁷⁶Mt: 0.7 s, α, Discovery isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Accelerator-produced
  • ²⁷⁷Mt: 0.6 s, α, Research isotope, Heavy-ion experiments, Confirmed synthesis
• Ds (15 isotopes)
  • ²⁸¹Ds: ~12.7 s, α, SF, Longest-lived Ds isotope, Nuclear stability research, Named after Darmstadt, Germany
  • ²⁷⁹Ds: 0.2 s, α, Discovery isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Accelerator product
  • ²⁸⁰Ds: 0.1 s, α, Research isotope, Nuclear shell studies, Very short-lived

Batch 34: Elements 111–112 (Rg → Cn) Isotopes

• Rg (12 isotopes)
  • ²⁸²Rg: ~2.1 min, α, Longest-lived Rg isotope, Nuclear chemistry, structural research, Named for Wilhelm Röntgen (X-rays)
  • ²⁸¹Rg: 26 s, α, Research isotope, Nuclear studies, Rarely produced
  • ²⁸⁰Rg: 3.6 s, α, Discovery isotope, Accelerator product, Very short-lived
• Cn (10 isotopes) – +1 for 2025 discovery
  • ²⁸⁵Cn: ~30 s, α, Longest-lived Cn isotope, Nuclear stability research, Named for Copernicus
  • ²⁸³Cn: 4 s, α, Discovery isotope, Heavy-ion collisions, Confirmed existence
  • ²⁸⁴Cn: 0.1 s, α, SF, Research isotope, Nuclear shell studies, Extremely unstable
  • ²⁸⁰Cn: Short, α/SF, Superheavy research, Island of stability studies, New 2025 – Discovered July 2025 at Dubna

Batch 35: Elements 113–114 (Nh → Fl) Isotopes

• Nh (5 isotopes)
  • ²⁷⁸Nh: ~0.2 s, α, Discovery isotope, Confirmed Japan’s synthesis achievement, Named for “Nihon” = Japan
  • ²⁸²Nh: ~20 s, α, Longest-lived Nh isotope, Nuclear structure studies, Extremely rare
  • ²⁸⁴Nh: ~0.5 s, α, Research isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Part of decay chain from Mc
• Fl (5 isotopes)
  • ²⁸⁹Fl: ~2.6 s, α, Longest-lived Fl isotope, Nuclear experiments, Named after Flerov Laboratory
  • ²⁸⁷Fl: ~0.5 s, α, Research isotope, Shell stability studies, Accelerator product
  • ²⁸⁸Fl: ~0.8 s, α, Research isotope, Nuclear decay mapping, Supports superheavy research

Batch 36: Elements 115–116 (Mc → Lv) Isotopes

• Mc (5 isotopes)
  • ²⁸⁷Mc: ~0.2 s, α, Discovery isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Named for Moscow region
  • ²⁸⁸Mc: ~0.1 s, α, Research isotope, Superheavy element experiments, Very short-lived
  • ²⁸⁹Mc: ~0.6 s, α, Longest-lived Mc isotope, Nuclear structure research, Part of decay chains
• Lv (6 isotopes) – +2 for 2025 discovery
  • ²⁹³Lv: ~60 ms, α, SF, Longest-lived Lv isotope, Nuclear stability studies, Named after Lawrence Livermore
  • ²⁹¹Lv: ~18 ms, α, Discovery isotope, Accelerator-produced, Extremely rare
  • ²⁹²Lv: ~50 ms, α, Research isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Confirmed decay sequences
  • ²⁸⁸Lv: Short, α/SF, Superheavy research, Island of stability studies, New 2025 – Discovered July 2025 at Dubna
  • ²⁸⁹Lv: Short, α/SF, Superheavy research, Island of stability studies, New 2025 – Discovered July 2025 at Dubna

Batch 37: Elements 117–118 (Ts → Og) Isotopes

• Ts (4 isotopes)
  • ²⁹³Ts: ~20 ms, α, Discovery isotope, Nuclear chemistry, Named for Tennessee (ORNL collaboration)
  • ²⁹⁴Ts: ~78 ms, α, Longest-lived Ts isotope, Research in superheavy stability, Rare, accelerator-produced
• Og (1 isotope)
  • ²⁹⁴Og: ~0.9 ms, α, SF, Heaviest known element, Nuclear physics frontier, Named for Yuri Oganessian
  • — (others predicted): —, —, Theoretical isotopes, Superheavy “island of stability”, Predicted, not yet confirmed

This is the complete updated catalog with total known isotopes added next to each element symbol. The 2025 discoveries have been incorporated, increasing counts for Al, At, Pa, Sg, Cn, and Lv.

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📊 Isotope Counts by Element (Z = 1 → 118) – SolveForce Communications

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Isotope Master Summary (Z = 1 → 118) – SolveForce Communications

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Key terms in plain language

Open a term for a concise explanation of language used on this page.

💡Fiber Internet

Internet delivered through strands of glass using light. Fiber commonly supports high capacity, low latency, and strong upload performance, but availability must be confirmed for the exact address.

📞VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol carries phone calls over an IP network instead of a traditional analog phone line. Call quality depends on network stability, latency, and traffic management.

💬Unified Communications (UCaaS)

A cloud-based combination of business calling, messaging, meetings, presence, and collaboration tools managed as one communications service.

🔌SIP Trunking

A service that connects a business phone system to the public telephone network using Internet Protocol, replacing or supplementing traditional phone lines.

📊Bandwidth

The amount of data a connection can carry in a given time, usually measured in Mbps or Gbps. More bandwidth supports more users, devices, and simultaneous applications.

⏱️Latency

The time it takes data to travel between two points. Lower latency improves voice, video meetings, cloud applications, gaming, and other real-time services.