Commands on a Macintosh Computer

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On a Macintosh computer, many of the commands at the terminal are similar to those on Linux systems since macOS is based on a Unix derivative called Darwin. Here are some common commands and examples for Mac users:

1. ls – List directory contents.

   ls

2. cd – Change the current directory.

   cd ~/Documents

3. pwd – Print the working directory.

   pwd

4. mkdir – Create a new directory.

   mkdir new_directory

5. rmdir – Remove a directory.

   rmdir new_directory

6. touch – Create a new, empty file.

   touch new_file.txt

7. rm – Remove files or directories.

   rm new_file.txt

8. cp – Copy files or directories.

   cp source_file.txt destination_file.txt

9. mv – Move or rename files or directories.

   mv old_name.txt new_name.txt

10. cat – Concatenate and display file content. cat file.txt
11. more or less – Display file content page by page. less file.txt
12. head – Display the beginning of a file. head file.txt
13. tail – Display the end of a file. tail file.txt
14. find – Search for files in a directory hierarchy. find . -name "*.txt"
15. grep – Search text using patterns. grep "search_term" file.txt
16. open – Open files, directories, or URLs. open .
17. kill – Terminate processes. kill 12345 # Where 12345 is the process ID
18. ps – Report a snapshot of current processes. ps -ef
19. sudo – Execute a command as another user (typically the superuser). sudo nano /etc/hosts
20. man – Display the manual page for a command.
    bash man ls

These commands will help users navigate the filesystem, manage files and directories, view and search file content, manage processes, and obtain help while using the Terminal on a Macintosh computer.

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21. which – Shows the full path of shell commands. which ls
22. who – Show who is logged on. who
23. whoami – Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. whoami
24. uptime – Tell how long the system has been running. uptime
25. df – Report file system disk space usage. df -h
26. du – Estimate file space usage. du -sh *
27. top – Display dynamic real-time view of a running system. top
28. clear – Clear the terminal screen. clear
29. history – Display the command history. history
30. date – Display or set the system date and time. date
31. cal – Display a calendar. cal
32. env – Display, set, or remove environment variables. env
33. export – Set an environment variable. export VAR_NAME=value
34. unset – Unset an environment variable. unset VAR_NAME
35. alias – Create an alias for a command. alias ll='ls -la'
36. unalias – Remove an alias. unalias ll
37. curl – Transfer data from or to a server. curl http://example.com
38. wget – Non-interactive network downloader. wget http://example.com/file.txt
39. ssh – OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program). ssh username@hostname
40. scp – Secure copy (remote file copy program).
    bash scp file.txt username@hostname:/path

These additional commands cover a wide range of functionalities from managing environment variables, viewing system information, managing network connections, and much more. By mastering these commands, users can greatly enhance their efficiency and capability in handling various tasks on a Macintosh computer.

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41. ping – Test the reachability of a network host. ping google.com
42. traceroute – Print the route packets take to a network host. traceroute google.com
43. netstat – Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. netstat -an
44. ifconfig – Configure network interface parameters. ifconfig
45. nslookup – Query Internet name servers interactively. nslookup google.com
46. dig – DNS lookup utility. dig google.com
47. ftp – FTP client. ftp ftp.example.com
48. sftp – Secure file transfer program. sftp username@hostname
49. nano – Nano’s ANOther editor, an enhanced free Pico clone (text editor). nano file.txt
50. vim – Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor. vim file.txt
51. chmod – Change file modes or Access Control Lists. chmod 755 file.txt
52. chown – Change file owner and group. chown username:groupname file.txt
53. chflags – Change file flags. chflags uchg file.txt
54. tar – Archive utility. tar -cvf archive.tar /path/to/directory
55. gzip – Compress or expand files. gzip file.txt
56. gunzip – Decompress files. gunzip file.txt.gz
57. zip – Package and compress (archive) files. zip archive.zip file.txt
58. unzip – List, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive. unzip archive.zip
59. screen – Terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation. screen
60. tmux – Terminal multiplexer.
    bash tmux

These commands help in network troubleshooting, file and directory permission management, text editing, file compression and archiving, and managing multiple terminal sessions among others. They are beneficial for system administration, network management, and everyday usage.

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61. kill – Terminate or signal a process. kill 12345 # where 12345 is the process ID
62. ps – Report a snapshot of the current processes. ps aux
63. pgrep – Look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes. pgrep -l bash
64. pkill – Signal processes based on name and other attributes. pkill bash
65. lsof – List open files. lsof
66. grep – Print lines that match patterns. grep "pattern" filename
67. find – Search for files in a directory hierarchy. find /path/to/directory -name filename
68. awk – Pattern scanning and processing language. awk '{print $1}' filename
69. sed – Stream editor for filtering and transforming text. sed 's/old/new/' filename
70. cut – Remove sections from each line of files. cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd
71. sort – Sort lines of text files. sort filename
72. uniq – Report or omit repeated lines. uniq filename
73. diff – Compare files line by line. diff file1 file2
74. head – Output the first part of files. head -n 10 filename # outputs the first 10 lines of filename
75. tail – Output the last part of files. tail -n 10 filename # outputs the last 10 lines of filename
76. xargs – Build and execute command lines from standard input. find . -name "*.txt" | xargs rm
77. touch – Change file timestamps. touch filename
78. cat – Concatenate and print (or display) the content of files. cat filename
79. less – Display file content page by page. less filename
80. more – Display file content page by page (similar to less but less feature-rich).
    bash more filename

These commands cover aspects like process management, file searching, text processing, and viewing file contents among others. By learning these commands, users can perform a myriad of tasks on a Macintosh computer efficiently and effectively from the command line.

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81. who – Show who is logged on. who
82. w – Show who is logged on and what they are doing. w
83. uptime – Tell how long the system has been running. uptime
84. date – Print or set the system date and time. date
85. cal – Display a calendar. cal
86. df – Report file system disk space usage. df -h
87. du – Estimate file space usage. du -sh /path/to/directory
88. free – Display the amount of free and used memory in the system. free -h
89. top – Display Linux tasks (dynamic view of system processes). top
90. htop – Interactive process viewer (advanced version of top). htop
91. alias – Create an alias for a command. alias ll='ls -la'
92. unalias – Remove an alias. unalias ll
93. history – Display the command history. history
94. clear – Clear the terminal screen. clear
95. exit – Exit the shell. exit
96. ssh – OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program). ssh username@hostname
97. scp – Secure copy (remote file copy program). scp file.txt username@hostname:/path/to/directory
98. rsync – A fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool. rsync -av /path/to/source-directory username@hostname:/path/to/destination-directory
99. curl – Transfer data from or to a server. curl http://example.com
100. wget – Non-interactive network downloader.
     bash wget http://example.com/file.zip

These commands help users to gather system information, manage disk space, create command aliases, and perform network-related tasks among others. By mastering these commands, users can control and interrogate their Macintosh system proficiently via the command line interface.

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