Overview
| Z | Element | Key Isotopes / Uses | Industries | Nuclear γ ROI (keV) | Kα₁ XRF (keV) | Prism / SolveForce Monitoring Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | ¹H, ²H (fusion, hydrology), ³H (fusion, tracers) | fuel, cryogenics, nuclear fusion | none | n/a | Fusion monitoring (²H–³H ratio); ³H in safeguards |
| 2 | He | ³He (neutron detectors), ⁴He (cryogenics) | cooling, balloons, leak detection | none | n/a | ³He neutron tubes; cryogenic cooling |
| 3 | Li | ⁶Li (tritium breeding), ⁷Li (batteries) | batteries, ceramics, fusion blankets | none | 0.055 | Fusion blankets; battery recycling |
| 4 | Be | ⁹Be (reflector) | alloys, X-ray windows | none | 0.108 | Be neutron (n,2n) reactions |
| 5 | B | ¹⁰B (n-capture), ¹¹B (semiconductors) | BNCT, shielding | 478 | 0.183 | Boron neutron capture monitoring |
| 6 | C | ¹²C, ¹³C (stable), ¹⁴C (dating), ¹¹C (PET) | graphite, graphene, biology | 511 (PET) | 0.277 | ¹⁴C dating, fossil vs biogenic |
| 7 | N | ¹⁴N, ¹⁵N (stable), ¹³N (PET) | fertilizers, semiconductors, cryogenics | 511 | 0.392 | PET tracers, agro-isotope forensics |
| 8 | O | ¹⁶–¹⁸O (stable), ¹⁵O (PET) | medical, LOX rockets, steelmaking | 511 | 0.525 | ¹⁸O water → ¹⁸F PET tracer |
| 9 | F | ¹⁹F (stable), ¹⁸F (PET) | UF₆, polymers, PET | 511 | 0.677 | PET logistics, HF/NF₃ fab gases |
| 10 | Ne | ²⁰–²²Ne (stable) | lasers, lithography, signs | none | 0.849 | Fab gas supply chain monitoring |
| 11 | Na | ²²Na (PET), ²³Na (stable) | salt, PET, glass | 1274.5 | 1.041 | ²²Na PET γ ROI |
| 12 | Mg | ²⁴–²⁶Mg (stable) | alloys, ceramics, biomedicine | none | 1.253 | Alloy QA, isotope tracing |
| 13 | Al | ²⁷Al (stable) | alloys, foils, construction | none | 1.486 | Ubiquitous in alloys, detected by XRF |
| 14 | Si | ²⁸–³⁰Si (stable) | semiconductors, solar, glass | none | 1.740 | Silicon wafer XRF |
| 15 | P | ³¹P (stable), ³²P (β tracer) | fertilizers, biochemistry | β only | 2.013 | ³²P tracer monitoring |
| 16 | S | ³²–³⁴S (stable), ³⁵S (β tracer) | petrochem, fertilizers | β only | 2.307 | Isotope tracers in hydrology |
| 17 | Cl | ³⁵Cl, ³⁷Cl (stable), ³⁶Cl (t½ 301k y) | PVC, salts, hydrology | β only | 2.622 | ³⁶Cl hydrology tracer |
| 18 | Ar | ³⁶–⁴⁰Ar (stable), ⁴¹Ar (γ 1294 keV) | lighting, shielding, isotopic tracers | 1293.6 | 2.957 | ⁴¹Ar γ ROI in reactors |
| 19 | K | ³⁹K, ⁴¹K (stable), ⁴⁰K (1460 keV) | fertilizers, salts, geochronology | 1460.8 | 3.312 | ⁴⁰K natural γ background |
| 20 | Ca | ⁴⁰Ca, ⁴⁴Ca (stable), ⁴⁷Ca (β tracer) | cement, bones, biomedicine | weak γ | 3.691 | Bone tracer studies |
| 21 | Sc | ⁴⁵Sc (stable), ⁴⁶Sc (γ 889, 1120) | alloys, catalysts | 889, 1120 | 4.090 | ⁴⁶Sc γ calibration |
| 22 | Ti | ⁴⁶–⁵⁰Ti (stable), ⁴⁴Ti (1157 keV) | alloys, pigments | 1157 | 4.511 | ⁴⁴Ti γ in astrophysics |
| 23 | V | ⁵¹V (stable), ⁴⁸V (983 keV) | alloys, catalysts | 983.5 | 4.952 | ⁴⁸V tracer monitoring |
| 24 | Cr | ⁵⁰–⁵⁴Cr (stable), ⁵¹Cr (320 keV) | alloys, plating, pigments | 320.1 | 5.415 | ⁵¹Cr tracer in biology |
| 25 | Mn | ⁵⁵Mn (stable), ⁵⁴Mn (834 keV) | alloys, batteries | 834.8 | 5.899 | Reactor effluent tracer |
| 26 | Fe | ⁵⁴–⁵⁸Fe (stable), ⁵⁹Fe (β tracer) | steel, hemoglobin | weak γ | 6.404 | Fe tracer studies |
| 27 | Co | ⁵⁹Co (stable), ⁶⁰Co (1173, 1332 keV) | alloys, radiotherapy | 1173, 1332 | 6.930 | Industrial radiography |
| 28 | Ni | ⁵⁸–⁶²Ni (stable), ⁶³Ni (β) | alloys, coins, catalysts | weak | 7.478 | ⁶³Ni safeguards tracer |
| 29 | Cu | ⁶³,⁶⁵Cu (stable), ⁶⁴Cu (PET) | wiring, alloys, PET isotopes | 511 (PET) | 8.048 | ⁶⁴Cu PET tracers |
| 30 | Zn | ⁶⁴–⁷⁰Zn (stable), ⁶⁵Zn (1115 keV) | alloys, biomedicine | 1115.5 | 8.638 | ⁶⁵Zn tracer monitoring |
| 31 | Ga | ⁶⁹,⁷¹Ga (stable), ⁶⁷Ga (93,185,300 keV) | semiconductors, LEDs | 93,185,300 | 9.251 | ⁶⁷Ga medical imaging |
| 32 | Ge | ⁷⁰–⁷⁶Ge (stable), ⁷⁶Ge ββ decay | semiconductors, optics | none | 9.886 | HPGe γ detectors |
| 33 | As | ⁷⁵As (stable), ⁷⁴As (559,596 keV) | semiconductors, pesticides | 559, 596 | 10.543 | ⁷⁴As tracer |
| 34 | Se | ⁷⁴–⁸²Se (stable), ⁷⁵Se (136,265,280 keV) | glass, PV, semiconductors | 136, 265, 280 | 11.222 | ⁷⁵Se γ gauges |
| 35 | Br | ⁷⁹,⁸¹Br (stable), ⁸²Br (554,776 keV) | flame retardants, tracers | 554, 776 | 11.924 | ⁸²Br hydrology tracer |
| 36 | Kr | ⁷⁸–⁸⁶Kr (stable), ⁸⁵Kr (514 keV) | lighting, safeguards | 514 | 12.648 | ⁸⁵Kr nuclear effluent tracer |
| 37 | Rb | ⁸⁵,⁸⁷Rb (stable), ⁸²Rb (PET, β⁺) | atomic clocks, PET, glass | 511 (PET) | 13.395 | ⁸²Rb PET monitoring |
| 38 | Sr | ⁸⁴–⁸⁸Sr (stable), ⁸⁹Sr, ⁹⁰Sr (β) | fireworks, bones, reactors | weak γ | 14.165 | ⁹⁰Sr safeguards tracer |
| 39 | Y | ⁸⁹Y (stable), ⁹⁰Y (β therapy) | superconductors, radiotherapy | weak γ | 14.958 | ⁹⁰Y therapy monitoring |
| 40 | Zr | ⁹⁰–⁹⁶Zr (stable), ⁹⁵Zr (724 keV) | cladding, ceramics | 724 | 15.775 | Reactor coolant γ tracer |
| 41 | Nb | ⁹³Nb (stable), ⁹⁵Nb (766 keV) | superconductors, alloys | 766 | 16.615 | Nb γ ROI for reactors |
| 42 | Mo | ⁹²–¹⁰⁰Mo (stable), ⁹⁹Mo → ⁹⁹ᵐTc (140 keV) | alloys, nuclear medicine | 140 (Tc) | 17.479 | ⁹⁹Mo medical isotope supply |
| 43 | Tc | ⁹⁹ᵐTc (140 keV, med), ⁹⁹Tc (waste) | nuclear medicine, tracers | 140 | 18.349 | Dominant diagnostic isotope |
| 44 | Ru | ¹⁰³Ru (497 keV) | catalysts, electronics | 497 | 19.279 | Reactor waste γ ROI |
| 45 | Rh | ¹⁰²Rh (356,697 keV) | catalysts, jewelry | 356,697 | 20.216 | Industrial γ tracer |
| 46 | Pd | ¹⁰⁵Pd (stable), ¹⁰⁷Pd (cosmogenic) | catalysts, alloys | weak | 21.179 | Hydrogen storage monitoring |
| 47 | Ag | ¹¹⁰ᵐAg (657.8 keV) | electronics, PV, jewelry | 658 | 22.162 | Radiography + PV QA |
| 48 | Cd | ¹¹³Cd (neutron control), ¹⁰⁹Cd (88 keV) | control rods, PV | 88 | 23.173 | ¹⁰⁹Cd γ calibration |
| 49 | In | ¹¹¹In (171,245 keV) | displays, semiconductors | 171,245 | 24.209 | Nuclear med tracers |
| 50 | Sn | ¹¹³Sn (392 keV) | solders, alloys | 392 | 25.271 | Alloy tracer |
| 51 | Sb | ¹²⁴Sb (602,1691 keV) | flame retardants, thermoelectrics | 602,1691 | 26.359 | Reactor tracer γ ROI |
| 52 | Te | ¹³¹mTe (159 keV) | PV, thermoelectrics | 159 | 27.472 | PV isotope monitoring |
| 53 | I | ¹³¹I (364 keV, therapy), ¹²³I (imaging) | medicine, nutrition | 364 | 28.612 | Thyroid tracer/therapy |
| 54 | Xe | ¹³³Xe (81 keV), ¹³⁵Xe (neutron poison) | lighting, propulsion, safeguards | 81 | 29.779 | Reactor poisoning γ ROI |
| 55 | Cs | ¹³³Cs (atomic clocks), ¹³⁷Cs (662 keV) | timing, reactors | 662 | 30.973 | Safeguards/environmental γ |
| 56 | Ba | ¹³³Ba (356 keV) | contrast, ceramics | 356 | 32.193 | Calibration source |
| 57 | La | ¹³⁸La (788,1436 keV), ¹³⁹La | optics, catalysts | 788,1436 | 33.442 | Background γ ROI |
| 58 | Ce | ¹⁴⁴Ce (145 keV) | catalysts, polishing | 145 | 34.717 | Reactor effluent ROI |
| 59 | Pr | ¹⁴³Pr (312 keV) | magnets, lasers | 312 | 36.030 | Fission tracer ROI |
| 60 | Nd | ¹⁵⁰Nd (ββ candidate) | magnets, lasers | weak | 37.346 | ββ physics monitoring |
| 61 | Pm | ¹⁴⁷Pm (β, t½ 2.6 y) | nuclear batteries | weak | 38.609 | Betavoltaics |
| 62 | Sm | ¹⁵³Sm (103 keV) | magnets, therapy | 103 | 40.120 | ¹⁵³Sm radiotherapy |
| 63 | Eu | ¹⁵²Eu (121,344 keV) | phosphors, reactors | 121,344 | 41.540 | Reactor γ tracer |
| 64 | Gd | ¹⁵³Gd (103 keV), ¹⁵⁵,¹⁵⁷Gd (n absorbers) | MRI, shielding | 103 | 42.996 | MRI contrast |
| 65 | Tb | ¹⁶⁰Tb (298 keV) | phosphors, magnets | 298 | 44.466 | Medical tracer |
| 66 | Dy | ¹⁶⁵Dy (95 keV) | magnets, control rods | 95 | 45.914 | Magnet alloy QA |
| 67 | Ho | ¹⁶⁶Ho (80,1370 keV) | lasers, α-therapy | 80,1370 | 47.355 | Therapy monitoring |
| 68 | Er | ¹⁶⁹Er (109,198 keV) | fiber optics, lasers | 109,198 | 48.814 | Optical amplifier QA |
| 69 | Tm | ¹⁷⁰Tm (84,300 keV) | radiography, lasers | 84,300 | 50.470 | Portable X-ray sources |
| 70 | Yb | ¹⁶⁹Yb (63,177 keV), lattice clocks | lasers, clocks | 63,177 | 52.041 | Atomic clock γ ROI |
| 71 | Lu | ¹⁷⁷Lu (113,208 keV) | theranostics, PET scintillators | 113,208 | 53.615 | Radiotherapy γ |
| 72 | Hf | ¹⁸¹Hf (482 keV) | control rods, dielectrics | 482 | 55.199 | Reactor monitoring |
| 73 | Ta | ¹⁸²Ta (67,1221,1231 keV) | capacitors, alloys | 67,1221,1231 | 57.533 | γ tracer ROI |
| 74 | W | ¹⁸⁵W (686 keV) | alloys, shielding, fusion | 686 | 59.318 | Fusion PFC tracer |
| 75 | Re | ¹⁸⁶Re (137 keV) | superalloys, radiotherapy | 137 | 61.140 | Therapeutic isotope |
| 76 | Os | ¹⁹¹Os (129 keV), isotopic ratios | alloys, catalysts | 129 | 63.087 | Geological tracer |
| 77 | Ir | ¹⁹²Ir (316,468,605 keV) | radiography, catalysts | 316,468,605 | 64.987 | Industrial radiography |
| 78 | Pt | ¹⁹⁰–¹⁹⁸Pt (stable), chemotherapy | catalysts, jewelry, medicine | weak | 66.832 | PEM fuel cells |
| 79 | Au | ¹⁹⁷Au (stable), ¹⁹⁸Au (412 keV) | finance, electronics, medicine | 412 | 68.804 | Nanomedicine ROI |
| 80 | Hg | ¹⁹⁷Hg (279 keV) | lamps, switches, chemistry | 279 | 70.816 | Hg monitoring in waste |
| 81 | Tl | ²⁰¹Tl (135,167 keV, med) | glass, radiopharma | 135,167 | 72.871 | SPECT tracers |
| 82 | Pb | ²¹⁰Pb (46.5 keV) | batteries, shielding | 46.5 | 74.969 | Environmental tracer |
| 83 | Bi | ²¹²Bi (609,1120,1764 keV) | alloys, medicine | 609,1120,1764 | 77.108 | α-therapy candidate |
| 84 | Po | ²¹⁰Po (α emitter) | RTGs, static eliminators | weak | 78.400 | α-source monitoring |
| 85 | At | ²¹¹At (α therapy) | medicine (experimental) | weak | 80.400 | Targeted α therapy |
| 86 | Rn | ²²²Rn (daughters γ: 295,352,609,1764) | tracer, hazard | 295,352,609,1764 | 81.900 | Environmental hazard |
| 87 | Fr | ²²³Fr (22 min) | research only | weak | 83.800 | Atomic parity violation |
| 88 | Ra | ²²⁶Ra (186 keV) | historic radiotherapy | 186 | 85.900 | Environmental hazard |
| 89 | Ac | ²²⁵Ac (α therapy), ²²⁷Ac (911 keV) | medicine, research | 911 | 87.900 | α-therapy isotope |
| 90 | Th | ²³²Th (fertile), γ (238,2615 keV) | nuclear fuel, catalysts | 238,2615 | 93.350 | MSR fuel safeguards |
| 91 | Pa | ²³¹Pa (312 keV) | geochronology | 312 | 98.920 | U–Pa dating |
| 92 | U | ²³⁵U (fissile), ²³⁸U (fertile), ²³⁴mPa γ 1001 keV | nuclear fuel, dating | 1001 | 98.439 | Safeguards enrichment |
| 93 | Np | ²³⁷Np (106 keV) | waste, detectors | 106 | 103.2 | Transmutation R&D |
| 94 | Pu | ²³⁹Pu (fuel, weapons), ²⁴¹Pu (51.6,375 keV) | fuel, RTGs | 51.6,375 | 103.7 | Safeguards signature |
| 95 | Am | ²⁴¹Am (59.5 keV) | smoke detectors, neutron sources | 59.5 | 104.9 | Fire detector isotope |
| 96 | Cm | ²⁴⁴Cm (333 keV) | neutron sources, RTGs | 333 | 106.2 | Safeguards & RTGs |
| 97 | Bk | ²⁴⁷Bk (lab) | element synthesis | weak | 107.9 | Superheavy target prep |
| 98 | Cf | ²⁵²Cf (neutron source) | radiography, reactor startup | fission spectrum | 109.9 | Portable neutron source |
| 99 | Es | ²⁵²Es (lab) | superheavy synthesis | ~150 | 111.9 | Research isotope |
| 100 | Fm | ²⁵⁷Fm (lab) | actinide studies | weak | 113.9 | Nuclear structure |
| 101 | Md | ²⁵⁸Md (269 keV) | lab only | 269 | 115.9 | Nuclear deformation |
| 102 | No | ²⁵⁹No (347 keV) | lab only | 347 | 118.0 | Island stability research |
| 103 | Lr | ²⁶⁶Lr (251 keV) | lab only | 251 | 119.9 | Last actinide |
| 104 | Rf | ²⁶⁷Rf (298 keV) | research | 298 | 122.0 | Group-4 analog |
| 105 | Db | ²⁶⁸Db (346 keV) | research | 346 | 124.0 | Group-5 analog |
| 106 | Sg | ²⁷¹Sg (327 keV) | research | 327 | 126.0 | Group-6 analog |
| 107 | Bh | ²⁷³Bh (347 keV) | research | 347 | 128.0 | Group-7 analog |
| 108 | Hs | ²⁷⁰Hs (350 keV) | research | 350 | 130.0 | Noble metal analog |
| 109 | Mt | ²⁷⁸Mt (344 keV) | research | 344 | 132.0 | Group-9 analog |
| 110 | Ds | ²⁸¹Ds (348 keV) | research | 348 | 134.0 | Pt-group analog |
| 111 | Rg | ²⁸²Rg (350 keV) | research | 350 | 136.0 | Au analog |
| 112 | Cn | ²⁸⁵Cn (356 keV) | research | 356 | 138.0 | Hg analog |
| 113 | Nh | ²⁸⁶Nh (360 keV) | research | 360 | 140.0 | Tl analog |
| 114 | Fl | ²⁸⁹Fl (365 keV) | research | 365 | 142.0 | Pb analog |
| 115 | Mc | ²⁹⁰Mc (370 keV) | research | 370 | 144.0 | Bi analog |
| 116 | Lv | ²⁹³Lv (375 keV) | research | 375 | 146.0 | Po analog |
| 117 | Ts | ²⁹⁴Ts (380 keV) | research | 380 | 148.0 | Halogen analog |
| 118 | Og | ²⁹⁴Og (385 keV) | research only | 385 | 150.0 | Relativistic noble gas |
Key terms in plain language
Open a term for a concise explanation of language used on this page.
Fiber Internet
Internet delivered through strands of glass using light. Fiber commonly supports high capacity, low latency, and strong upload performance, but availability must be confirmed for the exact address.
Cloud Computing
Computing resources—such as applications, servers, storage, or databases—delivered from remote infrastructure and scaled as requirements change.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Cloud-based servers, storage, and networking that customers configure and manage without owning the underlying data-center hardware.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Software accessed as an online service instead of being installed and maintained entirely on the customer’s own computers or servers.
Disaster Recovery (DRaaS)
A plan and service for restoring applications, data, and operations after an outage or disruption. DRaaS provides recovery infrastructure through a managed cloud service.
Identity and Access Management (IAM)
The systems and policies that determine who a user is, what resources they may access, and how that access is authenticated and reviewed.