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ACID Properties

Transactional management in databases aims to maintain system consistency and reliability, and this is epitomized by the ACID properties:

1. Atomicity:
   • Definition: Transactions are treated as single, indivisible units. They are either fully completed or fully rolled back. There’s no “in-between” state.
   • Implication: If a transaction is interrupted (e.g., due to system failure), any changes are undone, or “rolled back.”
2. Consistency:
   • Definition: A transaction ensures the system’s transition from one consistent state to another. Post-transaction, all integrity constraints must be satisfied.
   • Implication: Any transaction will bring the database from one valid state to another, ensuring data integrity.
3. Isolation:
   • Definition: Concurrent transactions are isolated from each other. Intermediate transaction states are invisible to other concurrent transactions.
   • Implication: This prevents “dirty reads” where one transaction sees uncommitted changes from another.
4. Durability:
   • Definition: Once a transaction is committed, its effects are permanent and will survive any subsequent system failures.
   • Implication: Ensures that the results of transactions are stored safely and are not lost.

Transaction Isolation Levels

Isolation levels determine the degree to which the effects of one transaction are isolated from others. Different isolation levels represent trade-offs between data consistency and performance:

1. Read Uncommitted:
   • Transactions can see uncommitted changes made by other transactions.
   • Pros: High concurrency.
   • Cons: Risk of dirty reads.
2. Read Committed:
   • Transactions can only see changes committed by other transactions.
   • Pros: Avoids dirty reads.
   • Cons: Possible non-repeatable reads.
3. Repeatable Read:
   • Transactions see a consistent snapshot of the database. Other transactions can’t change data being read by the current transaction.
   • Pros: Prevents dirty and non-repeatable reads.
   • Cons: Risk of phantom reads.
4. Serializable:
   • Transactions are executed in a way that the outcome is the same as if they were executed serially, one after the other, without overlap.
   • Pros: Strongest level of consistency.
   • Cons: Reduced concurrency, potential for performance bottlenecks.

Techniques for Managing Database Transactions and Ensuring Consistency

1. Locking:
   • Mechanism to ensure that when one transaction is accessing a piece of data, others are locked out. Helps prevent concurrent write operations that can lead to inconsistency.
   • Types: Shared Locks, Exclusive Locks.
2. Deadlock Management:
   • Deadlocks occur when two transactions are waiting on each other. Database systems either prevent deadlocks or detect and resolve them.
3. Log Management:
   • Database systems maintain logs of all transactions. If a system crashes before a transaction is fully committed, the logs can be used to roll back the transaction and maintain consistency.
4. Checkpointing:
   • At regular intervals, the state of the database is saved, ensuring durability. In the event of a system failure, the database can be restored to the last checkpoint.
5. Two-Phase Commit:
   • A protocol that ensures distributed transactions are either fully committed or fully rolled back across all involved databases.

In summary, transactional management is fundamental to ensuring the reliability, consistency, and durability of database operations, especially in systems where multiple concurrent operations occur. The ACID properties and transaction isolation levels provide a framework to understand and implement these crucial aspects of database management.

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Telecommunications and IT Handbook

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