The range of a 5G signal — how far it can travel effectively — varies depending on several factors, including the frequency band being used, the type of equipment installed, geographical and structural obstructions, and the density of the 5G nodes. Here’s a breakdown based on the different 5G spectrum bands:
Low-Band 5G:
- Frequencies: Below 1 GHz.
- Range: Similar to 4G LTE, covering many kilometers.
- Characteristics: While it offers a wide coverage area, the data speeds are only slightly improved compared to 4G. It has good penetration abilities through buildings and foliage.
Mid-Band 5G:
- Frequencies: Generally in the 1-6 GHz range.
- Range: A few kilometers, making it smaller in range compared to low-band but wider than high-band.
- Characteristics: It offers a balance between speed and coverage. The penetration is moderate, meaning it can handle some obstructions but not as effectively as low-band.
High-Band 5G (mmWave or millimeter wave):
- Frequencies: 24 GHz and above, such as 28 GHz or 39 GHz.
- Range: Significantly limited, often around 1-2 kilometers. In dense urban areas with multiple obstructions, this range can drop to a few hundred meters or even less.
- Characteristics: mmWave provides extremely fast data speeds but has poor penetration capabilities. It can be easily obstructed by walls, windows, trees, and other obstacles.
To ensure adequate 5G coverage, especially in areas utilizing mmWave frequencies, telecom operators deploy “small cells”, which are miniature base stations that can be installed on streetlights, building facades, and other urban infrastructure. This dense deployment can provide uninterrupted high-speed 5G coverage in populated areas.
Lastly, as 5G technology and infrastructure continue to advance, the range and effectiveness of 5G signals will also likely see improvements.