Frequency bands refer to specific ranges of frequencies within the electromagnetic spectrum that are allocated for various communication, broadcasting, and technology applications. Different frequency bands have distinct characteristics and uses based on their propagation properties, ability to penetrate obstacles, and regulatory designations.

Here are some key frequency bands and their applications:

Radio Frequency Bands:

  • Very Low Frequency (VLF): 3 kHz to 30 kHz – Used for navigation, submarine communication, and time signal broadcasting.
  • Low Frequency (LF): 30 kHz to 300 kHz – Used for AM broadcasting, navigation, and communication with submarines.
  • Medium Frequency (MF): 300 kHz to 3 MHz – Used for AM broadcasting, maritime communication, and aviation communication.
  • High Frequency (HF): 3 MHz to 30 MHz – Used for international broadcasting, amateur radio, aviation, and maritime communication.
  • Very High Frequency (VHF): 30 MHz to 300 MHz – Used for FM radio broadcasting, television, aviation, and two-way communication.

Microwave Frequency Bands:

  • Ultra High Frequency (UHF): 300 MHz to 3 GHz – Used for television broadcasting, mobile communication, satellite communication, and radar systems.
  • Super High Frequency (SHF): 3 GHz to 30 GHz – Used for satellite communication, microwave ovens, and terrestrial microwave communication.
  • Extremely High Frequency (EHF): 30 GHz to 300 GHz – Used for radio astronomy, satellite communication, and some types of remote sensing.

Millimeter-Wave Bands:

  • Millimeter-Wave Bands: Above 30 GHz – Used for high-speed wireless data communication, short-range radar, and some 5G applications.

Infrared and Optical Bands:

  • Infrared: Used for remote control devices, temperature measurement, and some communication.
  • Visible Light: Used for fiber-optic communication, optical data transmission, and visible light communication (Li-Fi).
  • Ultraviolet: Used for disinfection, security markings, and some scientific applications.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):

  • RFID Frequencies: Various frequencies used for tracking and identification, including low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) bands.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS):

  • GNSS Frequencies: L1 and L2 frequencies used by GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and other satellite navigation systems.

These are just a few examples of the many frequency bands that are utilized for different applications. The allocation of frequency bands is regulated by international agreements to avoid interference and ensure efficient spectrum use. Different technologies and services are designed to operate within specific frequency bands to maximize their performance and compatibility.