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  • 1G: The first generation of cellular networks, which were analog-based.
  • 2G: The second generation of cellular networks, which introduced digital technology to mobile devices.
  • 3G: The third generation of cellular networks, which introduced high-speed data capabilities to mobile devices.
  • 4G: The fourth generation of cellular networks, which offers faster speeds and more data capacity than previous generations.
  • 5G: The fifth generation of cellular networks, which promises faster speeds, lower latencies, and more efficient use of spectrum than previous generations.
  • Adaptive Antenna: The process of adjusting the antenna parameters of a device or a network in order to adapt to the channel conditions and to improve the quality of the communication channel.
  • Adaptive Beamforming: The process of adjusting the beamforming parameters of a device or a network in order to adapt to the channel conditions and to improve the quality of the communication channel.
  • Adaptive Coding: The process of adjusting the coding scheme of a device or a network in order to adapt to the channel conditions and to improve the quality of the communication channel.
  • Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM): A method of encoding analog signals into digital signals by adjusting the size of the quantization step based on the amplitude of the signal.
  • Adaptive Modulation: The process of adjusting the modulation scheme of a device or a network in order to adapt to the channel conditions and to improve the quality of the communication channel.
  • ADS-B (Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast): A system used for aircraft tracking and surveillance.
  • AESA: Active Electronically Scanned Array
  • AIS (Automatic identification system): a system used for the automatic identification of ships and other vessels.
  • And long-range devices and networks, often used for Internet of Things (iot) applications such as smart cities, industrial automation and agriculture.
  • Antenna pointing: The process of aligning the direction of an antenna towards a satellite.
  • Antenna: A device that converts electrical signals into radio waves and vice versa.
  • Anycast: The process of transmitting a single copy of a packet of data to the nearest receiver.
  • AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control System): The subsystem used for controlling the attitude and orbit of the satellite.
  • Authentication: The process of verifying the identity of a device or a user.
  • Authorization: The process of granting or denying access to a resource based on the identity of a device or a user.
  • Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ): A technique used to detect and correct errors in a transmitted signal by requesting retransmission of corrupted data.
  • Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ): A technique used to ensure that data is transmitted reliably by retransmitting any data that is not acknowledged by the receiver.
  • Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given period of time.
  • Beam Hopping: The ability of a device or a network to change its beam direction in order to avoid interference or to improve the quality of the communication channel.
  • Beam hopping: The process of switching a communication link from one beam to another.
  • Beam switching: The process of switching communication to a different beam on the same satellite or to a different satellite.
  • Beamforming: A signal processing technique used to control the directionality of a signal transmitted from an antenna array.
  • Beamwidth: The angular width of a beam of satellite signal.
  • Bluetooth: A wireless communication standard for short-range devices and networks, often used for connecting devices such as smartphones, laptops, and headphones.
  • Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): A path-vector routing protocol used in the Internet.
  • Broadcast: The process of transmitting a single copy of a packet of data to all receivers in a network.
  • BUC (Block Upconverter): A device that is used to convert the frequency of a signal before it is transmitted to a satellite.
  • BUC: Block Upconverter
  • Bullet Point List All Satellite Provider Terminology and Related Definitions.
  • C/N (Carrier-to-Noise) ratio: the ratio of the power of the desired carrier signal to the power of the unwanted noise signal.
  • Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): A method of multiple access by detecting the presence of a carrier signal before transmitting.
  • C-band: A range of frequencies between 4 and 8 ghz that are allocated for satellite communication and other applications such as weather radar.
  • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): A multiple access technique that uses unique codes to separate different users in the same frequency band.
  • Cellular Network: A wireless communication network that uses mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, and cellular towers to connect users to the internet.
  • Channel Coding: The process of adding redundant information to a signal in order to improve the ability to detect and correct errors.
  • Channel Coding: The process of adding redundant information to a signal to improve the ability to detect and correct errors.
  • Channel Decoding: The process of extracting the original information from a coded signal.
  • Channel Equalization: The process of compensating for the distortion caused by the communication channel, such as the inter-symbol interference (ISI) or the multi-path fading.
  • Channel Estimation: The process of estimating the characteristics of the communication channel, such as the channel impulse response, the channel gain, and the channel noise.
  • Cloud Auditing: The process of reviewing and evaluating cloud deployments, including compliance, security, and usage.
  • Cloud Automation: The process of automating the management and deployment of cloud resources, such as servers, storage, and networking.
  • Cloud Backup: A service that allows users to automatically backup data and files to a remote location over the internet.
  • Cloud Broker: A third-party service that acts as an intermediary between a client and multiple cloud service providers.
  • Cloud Compliance: The process of ensuring that cloud services and deployments meet regulatory, legal and security standards.
  • Cloud Computing: A model of delivering computing services over the internet, including storage, processing, and software.
  • Cloud Cost Optimization: The process of reducing the cost of cloud deployments by optimizing resources, usage, and scaling.
  • Cloud Federation: A technique where resources from multiple clouds are used together as a single entity.
  • Cloud Governance: The process of managing and controlling cloud deployments, including policies, standards, and procedures.
  • Cloud Management Gateway (CMG): A hardware or software appliance used for managing and securing access to cloud services from an organization’s network.
  • Cloud Management Platform (CMP): A software platform used for managing and automating cloud deployments, including monitoring, scaling, and provisioning resources.
  • Cloud Management System (CMS): A software system used for managing and monitoring cloud deployments, including compliance, security, and usage.
  • Cloud Resource Access Control: The process of controlling access to cloud resources based on user identity and role.
  • Cloud Resource Auditing: The process of reviewing and evaluating the use of cloud resources, including compliance, security, and usage.
  • Cloud Resource Backup: The process of creating and maintaining copies of cloud resources for disaster recovery and data protection.
  • Cloud Resource Compliance: The process of ensuring that cloud resources meet regulatory, legal and security standards.
  • Cloud Resource Encryption: The process of encrypting data and resources stored in the cloud to protect it from unauthorized access.
  • Cloud Resource Governance: The process of managing and controlling the use of cloud resources, including policies, standards, and procedures.
  • Cloud Resource Management Analytics: The process of collecting, analyzing, and visualizing data related to the usage, performance, and costs of cloud resources in order to identify trends and patterns, and make informed decisions.
  • Cloud Resource Management API: An application programming interface (API) used for automating and programmatically managing cloud resources.
  • Cloud Resource Management Audit: The process of reviewing and evaluating the management of cloud resources to ensure compliance with policies, standards, and regulations.
  • Cloud Resource Management Automation Tools: Software tools used for automating and programmatically managing cloud resources.
  • Cloud Resource Management Automation: The process of automating the management and deployment of cloud resources, such as servers, storage, and networking.
  • Cloud Resource Management Billing: The process of tracking, measuring, and invoicing for the usage and costs of cloud resources, and providing detailed billing reports.
  • Cloud Resource Management Capacity Planning: The process of forecasting future resource requirements and ensuring that sufficient capacity is available to meet demand.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Automation Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for automating the management and enforcement of compliance policies for cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Automation Tool: Software tool used for automating the management and enforcement of compliance policies for cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Automation: The process of automating the management and enforcement of compliance policies for cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Dashboard Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the compliance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Dashboard Tool: Software tool used for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the compliance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Dashboard: A graphical user interface (GUI) used for monitoring and managing the compliance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Management Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the compliance of cloud resources and services, including the creation and enforcement of policies.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Management Suite: A suite of tools for managing the compliance of cloud resources and services, including the creation and enforcement of policies, monitoring and reporting, and automation.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Management Tool: Software tool used for managing the compliance of cloud resources and services, including the creation and enforcement of policies.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Management: The process of ensuring that cloud resources and services comply with legal, regulatory, and industry standards.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Reporting Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for generating and providing reports on the compliance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Reporting Tool: Software tool used for generating and providing reports on the compliance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Compliance Reporting: The process of generating and providing reports on the compliance of cloud resources and services with legal, regulatory, and industry standards.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Analysis: The process of analyzing and understanding the costs of cloud resources, and identifying areas for cost optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Automation Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for automating the management and monitoring of the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Automation Tool: Software tool used for automating the management and monitoring of the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Dashboard Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Dashboard Tool: Software tool used for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Dashboard: A graphical user interface (GUI) used for monitoring and managing the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost forecasting: The process of forecasting future costs for cloud resources based on historical usage and trends.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Management Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the costs of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Management Suite: A suite of tools for managing the costs of cloud resources and services, including monitoring, optimization, and reporting.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Management Tool: Software tool used for managing the costs of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Optimization: The process of reducing the costs of cloud resources by optimizing usage, scaling, and provisioning.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Reporting Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for generating and providing reports on the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Reporting Tool: Software tool used for generating and providing reports on the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Cost Reporting: The process of generating and providing reports on the costs of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Dashboard: A graphical user interface (GUI) used for monitoring and managing cloud resources, including usage, performance, and costs.
  • Cloud Resource Management Disaster Recovery: The process of planning and implementing measures to protect and restore cloud resources in the event of an interruption or disaster.
  • Cloud Resource Management Incident Management Tool: A software tool used for identifying, responding to, and resolving incidents that affect cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Incident Management: The process of identifying, responding to, and resolving incidents that affect cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Incident Response Automation: The process of automating the identification, response, and resolution of incidents that affect cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Incident Response Management: The process of managing incidents that affect cloud resources and services, including identification, response, and resolution.
  • Cloud Resource Management Incident Response Plan: A plan that outlines the procedures and protocols to be followed in the event of an incident that affects cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Incident Response Team: A team that is responsible for identifying, responding to, and resolving incidents that affect cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Incident Response: The process of responding to and resolving incidents that affect cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Metrics: Key performance indicators (kpis) used to measure the usage, performance, and costs of cloud resources, and to track progress towards goals and objectives.
  • Cloud Resource Management Orchestration Tools: Software tools used for coordinating and automating the management and deployment of cloud resources.
  • Cloud Resource Management Orchestration: The process of coordinating and automating the management and deployment of cloud resources, such as servers, storage, and networking.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Automation Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for automating the management and monitoring of the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Automation Tool: Software tool used for automating the management and monitoring of the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Dashboard Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Dashboard Tool: Software tool used for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Dashboard: A graphical user interface (GUI) used for monitoring and managing the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Management Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the performance of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Management Suite: A suite of tools for managing the performance of cloud resources and services, including monitoring, optimization, and reporting.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Management Tool: Software tool used for managing the performance of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Reporting Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for generating and providing reports on the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Reporting Tool: Software tool used for generating and providing reports on the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Performance Reporting: The process of generating and providing reports on the performance of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Policy Management: The process of creating, implementing, and enforcing policies for cloud resources and services, such as security, usage, and access.
  • Cloud Resource Management Reports: Reports used for analyzing and understanding the usage, performance, and costs of cloud resources, and for identifying trends and patterns.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Automation Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for automating the management and enforcement of security policies for cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Automation Tool: Software tool used for automating the management and enforcement of security policies for cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Automation: The process of automating the management and enforcement of security policies for cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Dashboard Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the security of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Dashboard Tool: Software tool used for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the security of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Dashboard: A graphical user interface (GUI) used for monitoring and managing the security of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Management Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the security of cloud resources and services, including the creation and enforcement of policies.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Management Suite: A suite of tools for managing the security of cloud resources and services, including the creation and enforcement of policies, monitoring and reporting, and automation.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Management Tool: Software tool used for managing the security of cloud resources and services, including the creation and enforcement of policies.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Reporting Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for generating and providing reports on the security of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Reporting Tool: Software tool used for generating and providing reports on the security of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Security Reporting: The process of generating and providing reports on the security of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Catalog: A list of cloud resources and services that are available to customers, including information on pricing, usage, and capabilities.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Agreement (SLA): A legally binding agreement between a cloud service provider and a customer that outlines the levels of availability, performance, and support to be provided for a specific service or resource.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Automation Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for automating the management and monitoring of the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Automation Tool: Software tool used for automating the management and monitoring of the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Dashboard Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Dashboard Tool: Software tool used for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Dashboard: A graphical user interface (GUI) used for monitoring and managing the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Management Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the service level of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Management Suite: A suite of tools for managing the service level of cloud resources and services, including monitoring, optimization, and reporting.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Management Tool: Software tool used for managing the service level of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Reporting Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for generating and providing reports on the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Reporting Tool: Software tool used for generating and providing reports on the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Service Level Reporting: The process of generating and providing reports on the service level of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Tools: Software tools used for managing and optimizing cloud resources, including monitoring, scaling, and provisioning.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Automation Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for automating the management and monitoring of the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Automation Tool: Software tool used for automating the management and monitoring of the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Dashboard Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Dashboard Tool: Software tool used for creating and providing graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring and managing the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Dashboard: A graphical user interface (GUI) used for monitoring and managing the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Management Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for managing the usage of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Management Suite: A suite of tools for managing the usage of cloud resources and services, including monitoring, optimization, and reporting.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Management Tool: Software tool used for managing the usage of cloud resources and services, including monitoring and optimization.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Reporting Platform: A platform that provides a suite of tools for generating and providing reports on the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Reporting Tool: Software tool used for generating and providing reports on the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management Usage Reporting: The process of generating and providing reports on the usage of cloud resources and services.
  • Cloud Resource Management: The process of managing and optimizing the use of cloud resources such as servers, storage, and networking.
  • Cloud Resource Monitoring: The process of monitoring the performance and usage of cloud resources, such as servers, storage, and networking.
  • Cloud Resource Provisioning: The process of allocating and configuring cloud resources, such as servers, storage, and networking, to meet specific business needs.
  • Cloud Resource Scaling: The process of adjusting the number and size of cloud resources to meet changing demand.
  • Cloud Resource Security: Measures and technologies used to protect
  • Cloud resources from unauthorized access, breaches, and other threats.
  • Cloud Security: Measures and technologies used to protect data and resources in the cloud from unauthorized access, breaches, and other threats.
  • Cloud Service Provider (CSP): A company that provides cloud computing services to customers, such as storage, computing power, and software.
  • Cloud Storage: A service that allows users to store, access, and share data and files over the internet.
  • Cloudbursting: A technique where workloads are temporarily run in a public cloud to handle unexpected demand.
  • Code Division Multiplexing (CDM): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by using unique codes for each signal.
  • Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA): A method of multiple access by using unique codes for each device to separate them in the same frequency band.
  • Cognitive Radio (CR): A radio that can adapt its transmission parameters to the environment and available resources, in order to improve the efficiency and fairness of the use of the radio frequency spectrum.
  • Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN): A network of cognitive radios that can work together to improve the efficiency and fairness of the use of the radio frequency spectrum.
  • Collision Avoidance (CA): A method of multiple access by detecting collisions and avoiding them by waiting or retransmitting.
  • Collision Detection (CD): A method of multiple access by detecting collisions and resolving them by waiting or retransmitting.
  • Command: The process of sending instructions to a satellite.
  • Congestion Control: The process of managing the flow of traffic in a network to avoid overloading the network.
  • Convolutional Codes: A type of error correction code that uses a convolutional encoder to add redundant information to a signal.
  • Coordinated Multi-Point (comp): A method of multiple access by coordinating the transmission and reception of multiple devices to improve the performance of the system.
  • COTM: Control of Telemetry, Tracking and Command
  • Cross-polarization: The phenomenon where a signal transmitted with one polarization is received with a different polarization.
  • DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite): A type of DTH service that uses a small dish antenna to receive signals from a geostationary satellite.
  • Decryption: The process of converting ciphertext into plaintext to access the original information.
  • Delta modulation: A method of encoding analog signals into digital signals by taking the difference between consecutive samples of the analog signal and encoding the difference as a digital code.
  • Demodulation: The process of extracting the original information from a modulated signal.
  • De-multiplexing: The process of separating multiple signals that have been combined into a single signal.
  • Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM): A method of encoding analog signals into digital signals by taking the difference between consecutive samples of the analog signal and encoding the difference as a digital code.
  • Digital Signatures: A technique for ensuring the authenticity and integrity of a message or a file by using a digital signature.
  • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): A method of encoding a signal by spreading the signal’s energy over a wide frequency band using a pseudonoise (PN) code.
  • Distance-Vector Routing: A routing algorithm that uses the distance and direction of a network to find the best path for data to travel.
  • Diversity reception: The use of multiple receivers to improve the reliability and robustness of a communication system.
  • Diversity: The use of multiple antennas or other devices to improve the reliability and robustness of a communication system.
  • Domain Name System (DNS): A system used to translate domain names into IP addresses.
  • Doppler effect: The change in frequency of a signal caused by the relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • Doppler Shift: The change in frequency of a signal caused by the relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • Downlink power: The amount of power received by a ground station from a satellite.
  • Downlink: The transmission of a signal from a satellite to a ground station or other receiving device.
  • Down-link: The transmission of a signal from a satellite to a ground station.
  • DTH (Direct-to-Home): A method of delivering television and radio programming directly to viewers via satellite.
  • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): A protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on a network.
  • Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA): A technique for allowing multiple users to share the same frequency band by detecting and using available spectrum resources on a dynamic basis.
  • Edge Computing: A model of delivering computing services closer to the source of data, rather than in centralized data centers, to reduce latency and improve performance.
  • EIRP (Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power): The amount of power that would have to be radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna to produce the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain.
  • EIRP: Effective isotropic radiated power, a measure of the power of a satellite signal at the antenna of the receiving station.
  • EMC (Electromagnetic compatibility): The ability of a device or system to function without causing interference to other devices or systems, and to be resistant to interference from other devices or systems.
  • EMI (Electromagnetic Interference): Interference caused by electromagnetic fields.
  • Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext to protect it from unauthorized access or tampering.
  • EPS (Electrical Power System): The subsystem used for generating, storing and distributing electrical power to the satellite.
  • Error Concealment: Techniques used to conceal errors in a received signal without correcting them.
  • Error Correction Codes (ECC): Techniques used to add redundant information to a signal for error detection and correction.
  • Error correction: Techniques used to detect and correct errors in a transmitted signal.
  • Error Detection: Techniques used to detect errors in a transmitted signal without correcting them.
  • ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
  • Fading: The fluctuation in the amplitude or phase of a radio signal caused by multipath propagation, atmospheric conditions, or other factors.
  • Fairness: The process of ensuring that all users or devices have equal access to the resources of a network.
  • FCC: Federal Communications Commission
  • FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): A multiple access technique that divides the available bandwidth into frequency bands and assigns each user a specific band for transmission.
  • Federated Cloud: A model of delivering cloud services across multiple cloud providers to improve security and compliance, and to take advantage of different service offerings.
  • Firewall: A system for controlling access to a network or a computer by inspecting and filtering incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of rules.
  • FO: Feeder link
  • Forward Error Correction: The process of adding redundant information to a signal before it is transmitted to allow errors to be corrected at the receiver.
  • Frequency Allocation: The process of assigning specific frequency bands for different types of communication and other applications.
  • Frequency band: A range of frequencies that are allocated for a specific use, such as satellite communication.
  • Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by dividing the frequency spectrum into frequency bands and assigning each signal to a specific band.
  • Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): A method of encoding a signal by rapidly changing the frequency of the signal over a wide frequency band.
  • Frequency Hopping: The ability of a device or a network to change its frequency of operation in order to avoid interference or to improve the quality of the communication channel.
  • Frequency reuse: The ability to use the same frequency band for multiple transmissions in different locations, by using techniques such as beamforming.
  • Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA): A method of multiple access by dividing the available frequency into frequency bands and assigning each device a specific band for transmission.
  • FSS (Fixed Satellite Service): A type of satellite service that provides communication between two fixed points on the earth.
  • FSS: Fixed Satellite Service
  • G/T (Gain-to-Temperature) ratio: The ratio of the gain of an antenna to the temperature of the receiving system.
  • Gain: The increase in power of a signal as it passes through an antenna or other device.
  • Gateway: A ground station used to communicate with multiple satellites or to connect different networks.
  • GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit): A type of satellite orbit that is located at an altitude of approximately 35,786 kilometers, providing a coverage area that is fixed relative to the earth.
  • Geostationary satellite: A satellite that orbits the Earth at an altitude of approximately 36,000 kilometers and remains in a fixed position relative to the Earth.
  • Ground segment: The equipment and infrastructure on the Earth’s surface used to communicate with and control a satellite.
  • Ground Station: A facility on the earth used for communicating with and controlling a satellite.
  • GSO: Geostationary orbit
  • Handover: The process of transferring a communication link from one satellite to another.
  • Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP): A Cisco proprietary protocol used to provide redundancy for the virtual router in a network.
  • Hybrid ARQ: A technique that combines forward error correction and automatic repeat request to provide a balance between error correction and bandwidth efficiency.
  • Hybrid ARQ: A technique used to detect and correct errors in a transmitted signal by combining forward error correction and automatic repeat request.
  • Hybrid Cloud: A model of delivering cloud services that combines public cloud services with private or on-premises resources to meet specific business needs.
  • Hybrid Spread Spectrum: A method of encoding a signal by using multiple spread spectrum techniques.
  • Iaas (Infrastructure as a Service): A cloud computing model where infrastructure such as servers, storage, and networking is delivered over the internet on a subscription basis.
  • Inclined orbit: A satellite orbit in which the satellite’s angle of inclination (the angle between the satellite’s orbit and the Earth’s equator) is not 0 degrees.
  • Interference Alignment: A method of managing the interference by aligning the interference from different devices in a way that it becomes null at the receiver.
  • Interference Avoidance: A method of managing the interference by avoiding the interference at the source or at the receiver.
  • Interference Cancellation: A method of managing the interference by canceling the interference at the receiver.
  • Interference Coordination: A method of managing the interference by coordinating the transmission and reception of multiple devices to reduce the interference.
  • Interference Management: A method of managing the interference caused by multiple devices sharing the same communication resources.
  • Interference Mitigation: A method of managing the interference by reducing the interference at the source or at the receiver.
  • Interference Nulling: A method of managing the interference by nulling the interference at the receiver using multiple antennas.
  • Interference: Unwanted signals that can degrade or disrupt communication.
  • Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company that provides internet access to customers, which can be through wired or wireless means.
  • Inter-satellite cross-links: Communication between two or more satellites, allowing them to function as a network
  • Inter-satellite cross-links: Communication between two or more satellites, allowing them to function as a network.
  • Inter-satellite link (ISL): A communication link between two or more satellites.
  • Intrusion Detection: A system for detecting unauthorized access or tampering with a network or a computer by analyzing network traffic or system logs.
  • Intrusion Prevention: A system for preventing unauthorized access or tampering to a network or a computer by actively blocking or taking countermeasures against detected intrusions.
  • ITU: International Telecommunication Union
  • Jitter: The variation in latency.
  • Ka-band: A range of frequencies between 26.5 GHz and 40 GHz allocated for satellite communication and other applications such as satellite internet.
  • Ka-band: A range of frequencies between 26.5 Gigahertz and 40 GHz allocated for satellite communication.
  • Key Management: The process of generating, distributing, and managing keys used for encryption and authentication.
  • Ku-band: A range of frequencies between 12 and 18 GHz allocated for satellite communication and other applications such as satellite television and radio.
  • Ku-band: A range of frequencies between 12 Gigahertz and 18 GHz for satellite communication.
  • Latency: The time delay between when a signal is transmitted and when it is received.
  • Latency: The time it takes for a packet of data to travel from the sender to the receiver.
  • L-band: A range of frequencies between 1 Gigahertz and 2 GHz that are allocated for satellite communication, navigation, and positioning systems
  • L-band: A range of frequencies between 1 and 2 GHz that are allocated for satellite communication, navigation and positioning systems.
  • Line of Sight: The path that a signal takes between the transmitter and receiver when there are no obstacles in the way.
  • Link Budget: The calculation of the expected power levels and signal-to-noise ratios at various points in a communications system to ensure that the system will perform as required.
  • Link-State Routing: A routing algorithm that uses the state of the links in a network to find the best path for data to travel.
  • LNA (Low-Noise Amplifier): A device that is used to amplify a signal while minimizing noise.
  • LNA: Low-Noise Amplifier
  • LNB (Low Noise Block downconverter): A device that is used to amplify and convert the frequency of a signal received by a satellite dish antenna.
  • LNB: Low Noise Block downconverter
  • Lorawan: A wireless communication standard for low-power
  • Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite: A satellite that orbits the Earth at an altitude of between 160 and 2,000 kilometers.
  • Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Codes: A type of error correction code that uses sparse parity-check matrices to add redundant information to a signal.
  • Medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite: A satellite that orbits the Earth at an altitude of between 2,000 and 35,786 kilometers.
  • MEO (Middle Earth Orbit): A type of satellite orbit that is located between LEO and GEO, which ranges from 2,000 to 35,786 kilometers.
  • MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output): A technique that uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve the capacity and reliability of a wireless communication system.
  • MIMO beamforming: A signal processing technique to control the directionality of a signal transmitted from a MIMO antenna array.
  • Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET): A self-configuring network of mobile devices connected wirelessly.
  • Mobile Network Operator (MNO): A company that operates a cellular network and provides mobile services to customers.
  • Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO): A company that provides mobile services to customers but does not own a cellular network. Instead, it rents network access from an MNO.
  • Modulation bandwidth: The bandwidth of the modulated signal.
  • Modulation depth: The degree to which a signal is modulated, usually measured as a percentage or ratio.
  • Modulation distortion: The distortion that is introduced during the modulation process.
  • Modulation efficiency: The ratio of the useful information transmitted to the total power used.
  • Modulation error ratio (MER): A measure of the quality of a modulated signal, typically measured in dB.
  • Modulation format: The method used to encode information in a modulated signal.
  • Modulation frequency: The frequency of the modulating signal.
  • Modulation index: The ratio of the amplitude of the modulating signal to the amplitude of the carrier signal.
  • Modulation noise: The noise that is introduced during the modulation process.
  • Modulation phase: The phase relationship between the carrier and the modulating signal.
  • Modulation schemes: The different types of modulation that can be used to transmit information, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
  • Modulation sidebands: The frequencies that are created as a result of modulation.
  • Modulation symbol: The unit of information that is encoded in a modulated signal.
  • Modulation transfer function (MTF): A measure of the ability of a system to reproduce a modulated signal.
  • Modulation: The process of changing the characteristics of a carrier wave to transmit information.
  • MSS (Mobile Satellite Service): A type of satellite service that provides communication between a mobile terminal and a fixed point on the earth.
  • MSS: Mobile Satellite Service
  • MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures): The average time between failures of a system or component.
  • MTTR (Mean Time To Repair): The average time required to repair a system or component.
  • Multicast: The process of transmitting a single copy of a packet of data to multiple receivers.
  • Multi-Cloud: A model of delivering cloud services that uses multiple cloud providers to meet specific business needs.
  • Multipath Propagation: The phenomenon where a signal is reflected or refracted by the atmosphere or the earth’s surface, resulting in multiple copies of the signal arriving at the receiver at different times.
  • Multiple Access: The process of allowing multiple users or devices to share the same communication resources.
  • Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver.
  • Multiplexing: The process of combining multiple signals into a single signal for transmission.
  • Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO): A method of multiple access by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver for multiple users.
  • Network Address Translation (NAT): A technique used to allow multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address.
  • Network Function Virtualization (NFV): A technique used to virtualize network functions, such as firewalls and load balancers, to improve scalability and reduce costs.
  • Network MIMO: A method of multiple access by using multiple antennas at multiple devices to improve the performance of the system.
  • NGSO: Non-Geostationary orbit
  • Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA): A method of multiple access by using non-orthogonal resources such as power domain or code domain for multiple users.
  • Nyquist criterion: A rule that states that the sample rate of a signal must be at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal in order to accurately reconstruct the original signal.
  • OBDH (On-Board Data Handling): the system used for collecting, processing and transmitting data from on-board the satellite.
  • OBO (Out of Band Emission): The unwanted emissions that fall outside of the assigned frequency band.
  • OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing): A modulation technique that divides the available bandwidth into multiple subcarriers and uses different phase and amplitude to transmit data.
  • OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access): A multiple access technique that uses orthogonal subcarriers to separate different users in the same frequency band.
  • On-board processing: The processing of signals or data by a satellite rather than by a ground station.
  • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF): A link-state routing protocol used in IP networks.
  • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by using orthogonal subcarriers for each signal.
  • Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA): A method of multiple access by using orthogonal subcarriers for each device.
  • Over the Top (OTT): Services that use the internet to deliver content and functionality, bypassing traditional distribution channels such as cable or satellite TV.
  • Paas (Platform as a Service): A cloud computing model where a platform for developing and deploying software is delivered over the internet on a subscription basis.
  • Packet Loss: The number of packets that are lost during transmission.
  • Path Loss: The reduction in power density of a signal as it propagates through the atmosphere or the earth’s surface.
  • Path-Vector Routing: A routing algorithm that uses the path of a network to find the best path for data to travel.
  • Payload: The equipment or instruments carried by a satellite that perform its intended mission.
  • Pointing accuracy: The accuracy with which an antenna is pointed towards a satellite.
  • Polar Codes: A type of error correction code that uses a polar transformation to add redundant information to a signal.
  • Polar orbit: A satellite orbit in which the satellite passes over or near the Earth’s poles.
  • Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by using different polarizations.
  • Polarization: The orientation of the electric field of a radio wave.
  • Power Control: The process of adjusting the transmit power of a device or a network in order to reduce interference or to improve the quality of the communication channel.
  • Prioritization: The process of giving priority to certain types of traffic over others.
  • Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A system for managing digital certificates and public-private key pairs used for encryption and authentication.
  • Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): A method of encoding analog signals into digital signals by taking regular samples of the analog signal and converting each sample into a digital code.
  • Quality of Service (QoS): The ability of a network to provide a certain level of performance for certain types of traffic.
  • Quality of Service Routing (QoS Routing): The process of finding the best path for data to travel from the sender to the receiver based on the QoS requirements of the traffic.
  • Rain fade: The reduction in satellite signal strength caused by precipitation in the atmosphere.
  • Random Access: A method of multiple access by allowing devices to transmit at random times, with the chance of collision.
  • Reed-Solomon Codes: A type of error correction code that uses polynomials to add redundant information to a signal.
  • Remote Monitoring (RMON): A set of standards for monitoring and managing network devices, including the collection of statistics, alarms, and event notifications.
  • Resource Allocation: The process of allocating the available resources of a network, such as bandwidth and processing power, to different types of traffic.
  • RF (Radio Frequency) Isolation: The ability of a device or system to prevent unwanted radio frequency signals from entering or leaving.
  • RF (Radio Frequency) Propagation: The way in which radio frequency signals travel through the atmosphere and the earth’s surface.
  • RF (Radio Frequency): The range of frequencies used for communication, navigation and other applications.
  • RF Filtering: The process of removing unwanted signals from a radio frequency signal.
  • RF: Radio Frequency
  • RFI (Radio Frequency Interference): Interference caused by other radio frequency signals.
  • RO: Return link
  • Ron Legarski Satellite: Please continue.
  • Routing Information Protocol (RIP): A distance-vector routing protocol used in IP networks.
  • Routing: The process of finding the best path for data to travel from the sender to the receiver.
  • Saas (Software as a Service): A cloud computing model where software is delivered over the internet on a subscription basis.
  • Satellite Ron Legarski: Provider Terminology
  • Satellite: A man-made object that orbits the Earth and is used for communication, navigation, or other purposes.
  • S-band: A range of frequencies between 2 and 4 GHz that are allocated for satellite communication.
  • Scheduling: The process of deciding when and in what order to transmit data to a network.
  • SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access): A multiple access technique that uses beamforming or other techniques to separate different users in the same frequency band by using different spatial locations.
  • SDR (Software-Defined Radio): A type of radio system that uses software to process signals instead of hardware.
  • Security: The process of protecting a communication system from unauthorized access or tampering.
  • Sigfox: A wireless communication standard for low-power and long-range devices and networks, often used for iot applications such as smart cities, industrial automation and agriculture.
  • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): A protocol used to monitor and manage network devices such as routers, switches, servers, and printers.
  • SNR (Signal-to-Noise) ratio: the ratio of the power of the desired signal to the power of the unwanted noise signal.
  • Software Defined Networking (SDN): A technique used to separate the control plane from the data plane in a network, allowing for more flexible and programmable network management.
  • Software-Defined Radio (SDR): A radio that can adapt its modulation, coding, and other signal processing parameters through software to support multiple communication standards and protocols.
  • Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA): A method of multiple access by using beamforming or other techniques to separate devices in the same frequency band by using different spatial locations.
  • Space-Time Block Coding (STBC): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver and coding the signals in space and time.
  • Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by using different spatial locations.
  • Spectrum Analyzer: A device used to measure a radio signal’s frequency and power.
  • Spectrum Efficiency: The amount of data that can be transmitted per unit of bandwidth.
  • Spectrum Management: The process of managing the use of the radio frequency spectrum to ensure efficient and fair use of the available resources.
  • Spectrum Mobility: The ability of a device or a network to move to a different frequency band or location in order to avoid interference or to find a better communication channel.
  • Spectrum Sensing: The process of detecting the presence and characteristics of signals in a given frequency band.
  • Spectrum Sharing: The process of allowing multiple users or devices to share the same frequency band by using techniques such as dynamic spectrum access or cognitive radio.
  • Spot beam: A focused beam of satellite signal that covers a specific area on the Earth’s surface.
  • Spread Spectrum multiple access (SSMA): A method of multiple access by using spread spectrum techniques to divide the available bandwidth into multiple channels.
  • Spread Spectrum: A method of encoding a signal by spreading the signal’s energy over a wide frequency band.
  • Spread Spectrum: A technique used to spread a signal over a wide range of frequencies to reduce interference and improve security.
  • TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): A multiple access technique that divides the available bandwidth into time slots and assigns each user a specific slot for transmission.
  • Telemetry: The process of measuring and transmitting data from a satellite to a ground station.
  • Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by dividing time into time slots and assigning each signal to a specific slot.
  • Time Hopping Spread Spectrum (THSS): A method of encoding a signal by rapidly changing the time of the signal over a wide time band.
  • Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA): A method of multiple access by dividing the available time into time slots and assigning each device a specific slot for transmission.
  • Token Passing: A method of multiple access by passing a token between devices to grant access to the channel.
  • Tracking: The process of determining the position and velocity of a satellite.
  • Traffic Engineering: The process of optimizing a network’s performance by controlling traffic routing, scheduling, and resource allocation.
  • Traffic Shaping: The process of controlling the rate at which data is sent to a network to ensure that the network is not overloaded.
  • Transceiver: A device that can both transmit and receive signals.
  • Transponder: An electronic device that receives a signal on one frequency and retransmits it on another frequency.
  • TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking, and Command): The subsystems are used to monitor the satellite’s health, track its position, and send commands to it.
  • TT&C: Telemetry, Tracking and Command
  • Turbo Codes: A type of error correction code that uses iterative decoding to improve the error correction performance.
  • Uplink power: The amount of power transmitted by a ground station to a satellite.
  • Uplink: The transmission of a signal from a ground station or other transmitting device to a satellite.
  • Up-link: The transmission of a signal from a ground station to a satellite.
  • V-band: A range of frequencies between 40 and 75 GHz that are allocated for satellite communication.
  • Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN): A technique used to create a virtual LAN over a Layer 3 network infrastructure.
  • Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN): A technique used to segment a physical LAN into multiple logical LANs, isolating network traffic based on logical grouping rather than physical location.
  • Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): A technique used to create a virtual private network within a public cloud environment.
  • Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS): A technique used to extend VLANs across multiple sites, allowing devices at different locations to communicate as if they were on the same LAN.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A system for creating a secure, encrypted connection over a public network, such as the Internet, to access a private network or a remote computer.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A technique used to create a secure, encrypted connection over a public network, such as the Internet, to access a private network or a remote computer.
  • Virtual Router and Forwarding (VRF): A technique used to create multiple independent routing tables on a single router.
  • Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP): A protocol used to provide redundancy for the virtual router in a network.
  • Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP): A standard protocol used to provide redundancy for the virtual router in a network.
  • Virtual Switching System (VSS): A Cisco proprietary technology used to create a virtual switch by combining two physical switches into a single logical switch.
  • VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal): A type of satellite antenna that is typically used for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication.
  • VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal
  • Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): A method of encoding multiple signals into a single signal by using different wavelengths.
  • Wi-Fi: A wireless communication standard for local area networks (LANs), often used for connecting devices such as smartphones, laptops, and smart devices to the internet.
  • Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN): A wireless sensor network used to monitor and collect human body health-related data.
  • Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): A network of wireless sensor nodes used for monitoring and collecting data in various environments.
  • X-band: A range of frequencies between 8 Gigahertz and 12 GHz that are allocated for satellite communication.
  • Zigbee: A wireless communication standard for low-power devices and networks.
  • Z-Wave: A wireless communication standard for low-power devices and networks.

That concludes the bullet point list of satellite provider terminology and related definitions. More terms are listed throughout the site.