Common Ledger Terminology – SolveForce Fiber Internet, Cloud Computing & Telecommunications

Accounts payable: The amount a company owes to its suppliers for goods or services purchased on credit.
Accounts receivable: The amount owed to a company by its customers for goods or services sold on credit.
Accrual basis accounting: An accounting method that records transactions when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is received or disbursed.
Accrual: The recognition of revenue or expenses in the financial statements before cash is received or paid.
Active investing: An investment strategy that involves actively buying and selling individual stocks or bonds with the goal of outperforming the market.
Active management: An investment strategy in which a portfolio manager actively selects and trades securities with the goal of outperforming a specific benchmark or index.
Active management: The process of making investment decisions and adjusting a portfolio based on the manager’s research and analysis, as opposed to passive management, which follows a set strategy or index.
Address: A string of characters used to identify a wallet on a blockchain network.
Adjusting entries: Journal entries made at the end of an accounting period to bring the accounts up to date and accurately reflect the financial position of a company.
Airdrop: A marketing campaign where a cryptocurrency is distributed for free to a large number of wallet addresses, usually in order to increase exposure and adoption.
Alpha: A measure of a portfolio’s performance relative to a benchmark, used to determine the value added by an investment manager.
Alpha: A measure of an investment’s performance relative to a benchmark, such as the S&P 500 index, with positive alpha indicating outperformance and negative alpha indicating underperformance.
Alpha: A measure of the excess return of an investment compared to a benchmark, often used to evaluate the performance of a portfolio manager.
Alpha: A measure of the excess return on an investment compared to what would be expected based on its beta.
Alpha: A measure of the performance of an investment relative to its benchmark index.
Altcoin: A term used to describe any cryptocurrency that is not Bitcoin.
AMM (Automated Market Maker): A type of decentralized exchange that uses algorithms to set prices and facilitate trades.
Amortization: The process of spreading the cost of an intangible asset over its useful life.
Ask price: The lowest price that a seller is willing to accept for a security.
Asset allocation: The process of dividing an investment portfolio among different asset categories, such as stocks, bonds, and cash, in order to diversify risk and optimize returns.
Asset allocation: The process of dividing an investment portfolio among different asset categories, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, to balance risk and reward.
Asset allocation: The process of dividing an investment portfolio among different asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, with the goal of balancing risk and reward.
Asset class: A category of assets, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or real estate, with similar characteristics and investment objectives.
Asset: A resource controlled by a company as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow.
Asset: An item of value, such as a stock, bond, real estate, or commodity, that can be bought and sold.
Asset: Anything of value that an individual or organization owns.
Asset-to-equity ratio: A measure of a company’s financial leverage, calculated as total assets divided by shareholder equity.
Balance of trade: The difference between a country’s exports and imports of goods and services.
Balance sheet: A financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company’s financial position at a specific point in time, including its assets, liabilities, and equity.
Balance sheet: A financial statement that reports a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time.
Bear market: A financial market characterized by falling prices and pessimistic market sentiment.
Bear Market: A market characterized by falling stock prices and pessimism about the economy.
Beta: A measure of a stock’s volatility relative to the overall market, used to determine the riskiness of an investment.
Beta: A measure of the sensitivity of an investment’s return to changes in the overall market. A beta of 1 means the investment’s return is expected to move with the market, while a beta less than 1 means it is less volatile than the market, and a beta greater than 1 means it is more volatile.
Beta: A measure of the volatility of an investment compared to the market as a whole, often used to gauge the risk of an investment.
Beta: A measure of the volatility of an investment relative to a benchmark, with a beta greater than 1 indicating higher volatility and a beta less than 1 indicating lower volatility.
Beta: A measure of the volatility of an investment relative to its benchmark index.
Bid price: The highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for a security.
Bid-ask spread: The difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay for an asset (the bid) and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept (the ask).
Black Swan Event: A low-probability, high-impact event that is difficult to predict and has significant implications for financial markets and portfolios.
Block Explorer: A website or tool that allows users to view detailed information about blocks, transactions, and addresses on a blockchain.
Block Height: The number of blocks in a blockchain, denoting its current state and the amount of time that has passed since its inception.
Block Height: the number of blocks in a blockchain, indicating the total number of blocks in the chain and the current state of the network.
Block Reward: A reward given to miners for adding a new block to a blockchain, usually in the form of cryptocurrency.
Block Reward: A reward given to the miner who successfully adds a block to the blockchain, incentivizing their participation in the network.
Block Reward: a reward paid to a miner for adding a block to the blockchain, incentivizing the security and growth of the network.
Block: A unit of data containing one or more transactions on a blockchain, verified and added to the blockchain ledger.
Blockchain: A decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers, using cryptography to secure and verify transactions.
Blockchain: A decentralized, digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers in a secure and transparent manner.
Blockchain: A digital ledger of transactions that is distributed across a network of computers, providing a secure and transparent record of all transactions.
Blue Chip Stock: A stock in a well-established, financially sound company with a long history of stable earnings and growth.
Bond fund: A type of fund that invests primarily in bonds.
Bond yield: The return earned on a bond, expressed as a percentage of its face value.
Bond: A debt security that obligates the issuer to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value at maturity.
Bond: A debt security that represents a loan from an investor to a borrower, usually with a fixed interest rate and maturity date.
Bond: A type of debt security in which an investor loans money to an issuer, such as a corporation or government, in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the principal at maturity.
Bond: A type of debt security that pays periodic interest and returns the principal at maturity.
Bond: A type of debt security that pays periodic interest to the bondholder and returns the face value of the bond at maturity.
Bond: A type of fixed income security in which an investor loans money to an issuer, such as a corporation or government, in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the bond’s face value at maturity.
Bookkeeping: The process of recording and classifying financial transactions in a ledger.
Break-even analysis: A financial analysis that determines the point at which a company’s revenue will equal its expenses.
Budget: A financial plan for a specified period of time, outlining expected income and expenses.
Bull market: A financial market characterized by rising prices and optimistic market sentiment.
Bull Market: A market characterized by rising stock prices and optimism about the economy.
Bullet Point List All Ledger Terminology and Related Definitions.
Business cycle: The natural, recurring pattern of economic expansion and contraction over time.
Capital appreciation: The increase in the value of an investment over time, often as a result of positive market performance or growth in the underlying asset.
Capital appreciation: The increase in the value of an investment over time.
Capital expenditures: Funds used by a company to acquire or improve long-term assets.
Capital gain: The increase in the value of an investment, realized when the investment is sold for a higher price than the purchase price.
Capital Gain: The profit realized from the sale of a security or asset, resulting from an increase in its value.
Capital gain: The profit realized from the sale of an asset for more than its purchase price.
Capital gain: The profit realized from the sale of an investment, such as a stock or real estate, over its purchase price.
Capital gains yield: The return on an investment in the form of an increase in the price of an asset, expressed as a percentage of the original investment.
Capital loss: The loss incurred from the sale of an investment, such as a stock or real estate, below its purchase price.
Capital Loss: The loss realized from the sale of a security or asset, resulting from a decrease in its value.
Capital loss: The loss realized from the sale of an asset for less than its purchase price.
Capital preservation: The priority of preserving the original value of an investment, often at the expense of potential gains.
Capital: The stock of a company or the resources used to produce goods and services.
Capitalization: The market value of a company, calculated by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current stock price.
Cash basis accounting: An accounting method that records transactions only when cash is received or disbursed.
Cash flow statement: A financial statement that reports the inflow and outflow of cash for a specific period of time.
Cash flow statement: A financial statement that reports the inflows and outflows of cash during a specific period of time.
Centralized Exchange (CEX): a traditional cryptocurrency exchange platform, with a central authority controlling and managing all transactions and assets.
Centralized: A system or network that operates with a central authority or centralized point of control.
Chart of accounts: A list of all the accounts used in a company’s general ledger, including assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses.
Commodities: Raw materials or primary products that are used in the production of goods and services, such as gold, oil, and agricultural products.
Confirmation: the process of verifying and adding a transaction to the blockchain, usually requiring several confirmations for increased security.
Consensus Mechanism: The process by which participants in a blockchain network reach agreement on the state of the ledger and validate transactions.
Consumer price index (CPI): A measure of the average price level of a basket of consumer goods and services, used to track changes in the cost of living.
Consumer price index (CPI): An index that measures changes in the prices of goods and services consumed by households.
Consumer spending: The total amount of money spent by households on goods and services.
Convertible bond: A bond that can be converted into a specified number of shares of the issuing company’s stock.
Corporate bond: A type of bond issued by a corporation that offers a fixed rate of return and is backed by the creditworthiness of the corporation.
Corporate bond: A type of bond issued by a corporation to raise capital.
Corporate bond: A type of bond issued by a corporation.
Correlation: A measure of the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to 1 (perfect positive correlation).
Correlation: A measure of the relationship between two variables, with a correlation of 1 indicating a strong positive relationship, a correlation of -1 indicating a strong negative relationship, and a correlation of 0 indicating no relationship.
Correlation: A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables, indicating the degree to which they move together.
Correlation: A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables, such as the return on two different investments.
Cost of capital: The cost of a company’s debt and equity financing, including the cost of interest and dividends.
Cost of goods sold (COGS): The cost of the goods sold by a company, including direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
Coupon rate: The interest rate paid on a bond, expressed as a percentage of the bond’s face value.
Credit rating: An assessment of the creditworthiness of a borrower, based on their ability to repay debt.
Credit risk: The risk of default on a debt security, such as a bond.
Credit risk: The risk that a borrower will default on a loan or bond, resulting in a loss for the lender or bondholder.
Credit risk: The risk that a borrower will default on a loan or bond, resulting in a loss to the lender.
Credit: An entry in the ledger representing a decrease in assets or an increase in liabilities or equity.
Crypto Exchange: A platform where users can buy, sell, and trade cryptocurrencies.
Cryptocurrency: A decentralized digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to secure its transactions and to control the creation of new units.
Cryptocurrency: A digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange, using cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new units.
Cryptocurrency: A digital or virtual currency secured using cryptography and decentralized ledger technology, typically built on a blockchain.
Cryptocurrency: A digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography to secure its transactions and to control the creation of new units. Examples include Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Currency appreciation: An increase in the value of a currency relative to another currency.
Currency depreciation: A decrease in the value of a currency relative to another currency.
Currency exchange rate: The value of one currency in relation to another currency.
Current asset: An asset that is expected to be converted into cash or used up within one year.
Current liability: An obligation that is expected to be settled within one year.
Current ratio: A financial ratio that measures a company’s ability to meet its current liabilities with its current assets.
Current yield: The income generated by a bond as a percentage of the bond’s current market price.
DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization): An organization that is run through rules encoded as computer programs on a blockchain, rather than by a central authority.
dApp (Decentralized Application): A software application built on a blockchain network, free from central control.
Debit: An entry in the ledger representing an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities or equity.
Debt service coverage ratio (DSCR): A financial ratio that measures a company’s ability to meet its debt obligations from its operating income.
Debt: A loan that must be repaid with interest.
Debt-to-equity ratio: A financial ratio that compares a company’s total liabilities to its total equity, used to evaluate the company’s financial leverage.
Debt-to-equity ratio: A financial ratio that measures the proportion of a company’s financing that is provided by debt.
Debt-to-equity ratio: A measure of a company’s financial leverage, calculated as total debt divided by shareholder equity.
Decentralized Exchange (DEX): a cryptocurrency exchange platform that operates on a blockchain network, allowing users to trade assets without the need for a central authority.
Decentralized finance (DeFi): A growing financial ecosystem built on blockchain platforms that provides decentralized and open access to financial services.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi): A movement to create financial applications and services on blockchain networks, allowing for more secure, transparent, and accessible financial services.
Decentralized: A system or network that operates without a central authority or centralized point of control.
Default: A failure by a borrower to make timely payments on a loan or bond.
DeFi (Decentralized Finance): A financial system built on blockchain networks, designed to offer open access, transparency, and security.
DeFi (Decentralized Finance): A financial system built on blockchain technology, offering financial services without the need for intermediaries.
DeFi (Decentralized Finance): An ecosystem of financial applications built on blockchain technology that aims to provide a more accessible, secure, and transparent financial system.
deflation: A sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Deflation: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is falling, resulting in an increase in purchasing power.
Depreciation: The allocation of the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life.
Derivative: A financial instrument that derives its value from an underlying asset, such as a stock, bond, commodity, or currency.
Derivative: A financial instrument whose value is derived from the price of another asset, such as a stock, bond, or commodity.
Derivative: A financial instrument, such as a futures contract or option, whose value is derived from the price of an underlying asset.
Derivatives: Financial instruments whose value is derived from the value of an underlying asset, such as a stock, bond, commodity, or currency.
Diversification: The practice of spreading investments across a variety of assets and markets to reduce the risk of any one investment performing poorly.
Diversification: The process of spreading investments across a range of different asset classes, industries, and geographic locations to reduce overall risk.
Diversification: The process of spreading investments across a variety of asset classes, industries, and geographies in order to reduce the risk of an investment portfolio.
Diversification: The process of spreading investments across different asset classes, sectors, and countries to reduce the overall risk of a portfolio.
Diversification: The strategy of spreading investments across different assets and industries to reduce risk and increase returns.
Dividend payout ratio: A measure of a company’s dividend policy, calculated as dividends per share divided by earnings per share.
Dividend yield: A financial ratio calculated as a company’s annual dividends per share divided by its stock price, used to evaluate the potential income generated by an investment in the company’s stock.
Dividend yield: The annual dividend payment per share of stock as a percentage of the stock’s market price.
Dividend yield: The income generated by a stock investment in the form of dividends, expressed as a percentage of the stock’s price.
Dividend yield: The return on an investment in the form of dividends paid by a company, expressed as a percentage of the current stock price.
Dividend: A distribution of a portion of a company’s earnings to its shareholders.
Dividend: A payment made by a company to its shareholders, usually in the form of cash or additional shares of stock, out of its earnings or capital.
Dividend: A portion of a company’s profit paid out to its shareholders.
Dividend: A portion of a company’s profits paid to shareholders, usually in the form of cash or additional stock.
Double-entry accounting: An accounting system where every transaction is recorded in two different accounts, ensuring the accuracy of the ledger.
DuPont Analysis: A financial analysis that decomposes a company’s return on equity into its component parts, including net profit margin, asset turnover, and financial leverage.
Earnings per share (EPS): A financial metric that measures the profit earned by each share of stock.
Earnings per share (EPS): A financial ratio calculated as a company’s net income divided by the number of outstanding shares of its stock.
Earnings per share (EPS): A financial ratio calculated by dividing net income by the number of outstanding shares of common stock.
Earnings per share (EPS): A measure of a company’s earnings, calculated as net income divided by the number of outstanding shares of stock.
Earnings per share (EPS): A measure of a company’s profitability, calculated as net income divided by the number of outstanding shares of stock.
Earnings per share (EPS): The portion of a company’s profit that is allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.
Economic growth: The increase in an economy’s real GDP over a specific period of time.
Economic value added (EVA): A financial performance metric that measures the amount by which a company’s profits exceed its cost of capital.
Equity: A residual interest in the assets of a company after deducting liabilities.
Equity: Investments in stocks or ownership shares in a company.
Equity: Ownership in a company represented by shares of stock.
Equity: The value of an asset after subtracting any liabilities.
Equity: The value of an asset minus any liabilities, used to determine the ownership stake of an individual or company.
ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund): A type of investment fund that is traded on stock exchanges, and which tracks a specific index or asset class.
Exchange rate risk: The risk that the value of an investment will decline due to changes in currency exchange rates.
Exchange-traded fund (ETF): A type of fund that trades on a stock exchange like a stock, and provides exposure to a variety of underlying assets such as stocks, bonds, or commodities.
Exchange-traded fund (ETF): A type of investment fund that is traded on stock exchanges, often designed to track the performance of a specific market index, sector, or theme.
Exchange-traded fund (ETF): A type of investment vehicle that is similar to a mutual fund but is traded on a stock exchange like an individual stock.
Ex-dividend date: The date on which a stock is traded without the right to receive its next scheduled dividend.
Expansion: A period of economic growth, characterized by an increase in real GDP.
Expected return: The average return that is expected to be generated by an investment over a specified period of time.
Expense Ratio: The fee charged by a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) to cover its operating costs, expressed as a percentage of its total assets.
Exports: Goods and services produced in one country and sold to customers in another country.
Financial leverage: The use of debt to finance a portion of a company’s assets.
Financial ratio analysis: The calculation and comparison of ratios derived from a company’s financial statements to identify trends and evaluate financial performance.
Financial statement audit: An examination of a company’s financial statements by an independent auditor to provide assurance that the statements are presented fairly and in accordance with accounting standards.
Fiscal policy: The actions taken by a government to influence its economy, such as taxation, government spending, and regulation.
Fixed asset: A long-term tangible asset, such as property, plant, and equipment, used in the operations of a business.
Fixed exchange rate: A system in which a country’s government sets the value of its currency in relation to another currency.
Fixed income: Investments that pay a fixed rate of return, such as bonds.
Flash Loan: A type of loan on a decentralized finance platform that allows a borrower to access funds for a very short period of time, usually only a few seconds, and repay the loan before it’s due, often to take advantage of price discrepancies.
Floating exchange rate: A system in which the value of a currency is determined by market forces, such as supply and demand.
Floating rate bond: A bond with a variable interest rate that is reset periodically based on a benchmark rate, such as the LIBOR.
Floating rate bond: A type of bond with an adjustable coupon rate that is tied to a benchmark interest rate, such as the Federal Funds rate.
Forecast: An estimate of future financial results based on past performance and current trends.
Foreign currency risk: The risk associated with investments in foreign currencies, such as changes in exchange rates.
Foreign exchange rate: The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.
Fork: A split in a blockchain network that creates two separate chains, usually as a result of differences in consensus rules or software upgrades.
Fork: A split in a blockchain, where two separate chains are created with different sets of rules or consensus algorithms.
Free trade: An economic policy in which countries remove trade barriers and allow the free flow of goods and services between each other.
Fund: A type of investment that pools money from many investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities.
Fundamental analysis: The study of a company’s financial and economic data, including earnings, revenue, and asset values, to make investment decisions.
Fungible Token: A type of digital asset that represents a standard unit of value, such as a currency, where each unit is interchangeable.
Futures contract: A type of derivative contract in which two parties agree to buy or sell an asset at a specified price and date in the future.
Futures contract: A type of derivative contract that requires the delivery of an underlying asset at a specified price and date in the future.
Futures contract: A type of derivative that obligates the buyer to purchase an underlying asset, such as a commodity, at a specified price and date in the future.
Futures trading: A type of derivatives trading that gives the holder the obligation to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price at a specified time in the future.
Futures: A type of derivative that requires the holder to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price on a specified future date.
Gas Fee: The fee charged for executing a transaction or executing smart contract code on a blockchain, typically paid in the network’s native cryptocurrency.
Gas: A fee paid in Ether for transactions on the Ethereum network.
General journal: A journal used to record transactions that don’t fit into specialized journals, such as the cash receipts journal or the sales journal.
Governance Token: A type of token that gives its holders voting rights to participate in decision-making processes for a DeFi protocol or DAO.
Gross domestic product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific period of time.
Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced in a country in a specified period of time.
Gross margin ratio: A financial ratio that measures the percentage of revenue that exceeds the cost of goods sold.
Gross margin: The difference between a company’s revenue and its cost of goods sold, expressed as a percentage of revenue.
Gross national product (GNP): The total value of goods and services produced by a country’s residents, regardless of their location.
Gross profit: The difference between revenue and the cost of goods sold.
Growth investing: An investment strategy that focuses on buying stocks of companies that are expected to grow at a faster rate than the overall market.
Hash Rate: The measurement of a miner’s computational power, denoting the number of hashes per second that can be generated.
Hash Rate: the measurement of computational power in a blockchain network, indicating the network’s ability to solve complex mathematical problems and validate transactions.
Hash Rate: The measurement of the processing power of a network, usually expressed in hashes per second.
Hash: A mathematical function that maps data of any size to a fixed size output, used to secure and verify transactions on the blockchain.
Hash: A unique fixed-length string of characters generated from an input, used to secure and verify data on a blockchain.
Hashrate: A measure of the computational power of a network, usually expressed in hashes per second.
Hedge fund: A type of investment fund that uses a range of strategies, including leveraging and short selling, to generate high returns for its investors.
Hedge fund: A type of investment fund that uses advanced investment strategies, such as leverage and short selling, to generate high returns.
Hedge fund: An alternative investment fund that uses a variety of strategies, including leverage and derivatives, to generate returns for its investors.
Hedge fund: An alternative investment vehicle that uses a range of strategies, including leveraging, short selling, and derivatives trading, to generate high returns for investors.
ICO (Initial Coin Offering): A crowdfunding mechanism for blockchain-based projects, where new tokens are sold to investors in exchange for funds.
Imports: Goods and services produced in another country and sold to customers in the importing country.
Income statement: A financial statement that reports a company’s revenue, expenses, and net income over a specific period of time.
Income statement: A financial statement that reports a company’s revenues, expenses, and profits over a specific period of time.
Index fund: A type of fund that seeks to track the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500.
Index fund: A type of investment fund that aims to track the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500, by holding a representative sample of the securities in that index.
Index fund: A type of mutual fund or ETF that seeks to track the performance of a specific market index, such as the S&P 500.
Index fund: A type of mutual fund or ETF that tracks a specific index, such as the S&P 500, and seeks to replicate its performance.
Index fund: A type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) that aims to track the performance of a stock market index, such as the S&P 500 index.
Inflation rate: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising.
Inflation risk: The risk that the purchasing power of an investment will decline due to inflation.
Inflation risk: The risk that the purchasing power of an investment will decline over time due to inflation.
Inflation: A sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Inflation: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and thus, purchasing power is falling.
Initial Coin Offering (ICO): A fundraising mechanism in which a new cryptocurrency project issues tokens in exchange for investments in the form of other cryptocurrencies or fiat money.
Initial Coin Offering (ICO): A fundraising method where a new cryptocurrency project sells its tokens to early investors in exchange for funding.
Initial coin offering (ICO): A type of fundraising in which a new cryptocurrency project sells a portion of its tokens to early investors in exchange for funding.
Initial public offering (IPO): The first sale of stock by a company to the public, used to raise capital and increase liquidity for the company’s shareholders.
Interest rate risk: The risk that changes in interest rates will affect the value of a fixed-income security, such as a bond.
Interest rate: The cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage of the loan amount.
Interest Rate: The cost of borrowing money, usually expressed as a percentage of the loan amount.
Interest rate: The rate at which interest is charged on a loan or earned on an investment.
Interest: The cost of borrowing money or the amount earned on a deposit.
Interest: The cost of borrowing money.
Investment: The purchase of capital goods, such as factories, machinery, and equipment, with the expectation of earning a return.
IPO: Initial Public Offering, the first sale of stock by a company to the public.
Journal: A record of financial transactions that are recorded in chronological order.
Junk bond: A bond with a low credit rating, indicating a higher risk of default.
Junk bond: A high-yield, high-risk bond issued by a company with a less than investment-grade credit rating.
Labor force: The total number of people employed and unemployed but seeking employment.
Ledger Terminology List
Ledger: A permanent record of financial transactions organized in a manner that allows easy tracking of all transactions.
Leverage: The use of borrowed capital to increase the potential return of an investment.
Leverage: The use of borrowed funds to increase the potential return of an investment.
Leverage: The use of borrowed funds to increase the size of an investment, magnifying potential gains (and losses).
Leverage: The use of borrowed money to increase the potential return on an investment.
Liability: A financial obligation or debt.
Liability: An obligation to another entity that is expected to be settled.
Limit order: An order placed with a broker to buy or sell a security at a specified price or better.
Liquidity Pool: a collection of assets in a decentralized finance (DeFi) platform, used to provide liquidity and enable users to trade assets.
Liquidity Pool: A pool of assets in DeFi protocols, where users can provide liquidity to earn rewards.
Liquidity Provider: A person or entity that provides assets to a decentralized platform’s liquidity pool to earn rewards.
Liquidity Provider: An entity that provides liquidity to a market, usually by offering to buy and sell an asset at a fixed price.
Liquidity: A measure of a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations, such as paying its bills on time.
Liquidity: The ability of a company to meet its financial obligations as they come due.
Liquidity: The ability of an asset to be bought and sold quickly and at stable prices, without affecting its overall price.
Liquidity: The ability of an asset to be easily bought and sold, with minimal impact on its market price.
Liquidity: The ability of an asset to be easily bought or sold without affecting its price.
Liquidity: The ability of an asset to be sold without affecting its price, usually measured by the volume of trades and the spread between bid and ask prices.
Liquidity: The ability to buy or sell an asset quickly and at a fair price, often influenced by the number of buyers and sellers in the market.
Liquidity: The ability to convert an asset into cash quickly and without a significant loss in value.
Liquidity: The ability to quickly and easily convert an asset into cash without significantly affecting the asset’s market price.
Liquidity: the degree to which an asset can be bought and sold in a market, without affecting its price.
Long-term liability: An obligation that is not expected to be settled within one year.
Margin call: A demand for additional collateral in a leveraged position when the value of the collateral falls below a certain level.
Margin call: A demand from a broker for an investor to deposit additional funds or securities to bring their margin account balance up to a required level.
Margin of safety: The difference between a company’s budgeted or expected results and the results at which it will incur a loss.
Margin trading: A type of trading that allows an investor to trade with borrowed capital, often used to increase buying power and amplify potential gains.
Margin Trading: A type of trading where a trader borrows funds from a broker to increase their exposure to a particular asset, with the aim of amplifying potential gains (and losses).
Margin: The amount of collateral required to be deposited by an investor when borrowing money to purchase securities.
Margin: The amount of collateral that a trader must deposit to cover potential losses in a margin account.
Margin: The amount of collateral that is required to be deposited in order to enter into a leveraged position.
Margin: The amount of money borrowed to purchase securities, expressed as a percentage of the total value of the securities purchased.
Market capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock, calculated by multiplying the number of shares by the current market price per share.
Market capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock, calculated by multiplying the stock price by the number of shares outstanding.
Market capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock, calculated by multiplying the stock’s price by the number of shares outstanding.
Market capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding shares of stock.
Market capitalization: The total value of a company’s outstanding stock, calculated by multiplying the number of shares by the current market price per share.
Market Capitalization: The total value of all a company’s outstanding shares of stock.
Market index: A benchmark that measures the performance of a group of stocks, representing a particular market or sector.
Market maker: A financial institution or individual that provides liquidity to a market by buying and selling assets, often with the intention of profiting from the bid-ask spread.
Market Maker: A market participant that provides liquidity to an exchange by constantly buying and selling assets, helping to keep prices stable.
Market order: An order to buy or sell a security at the best available price, typically filled immediately.
Market risk: The risk associated with investments in the stock market, such as changes in market conditions or economic downturns.
Market risk: The risk that the value of an investment will decline due to changes in the overall market.
Maturity: The date on which a bond’s principal will be repaid to the bondholder.
Maturity: The date on which a debt security will be paid in full and cease to exist.
Maturity: The date on which the principal amount of a bond is due to be paid to the investor.
Mining: The process of adding blocks to a blockchain, performed by miners who solve complex mathematical problems to validate transactions and secure the network.
Mining: The process of adding new blocks to a blockchain, usually requiring computational power and solving complex mathematical problems, in exchange for rewards.
Mining: The process of solving complex mathematical problems to validate transactions and add new blocks to a blockchain.
Mining: the process of validating transactions and adding them to a blockchain, performed by specialized computer hardware and incentivized by block rewards.
Mining: The process of validating transactions and adding them to a blockchain, usually performed by specialized computers, in exchange for rewards in the form of cryptocurrency.
Momentum investing: An investment strategy that involves buying stocks that have outperformed the market and selling stocks that have underperformed the market, based on the belief that past performance is indicative of future performance.
Monetary policy: The actions taken by a central bank to manage the supply of money and interest rates, with the goal of achieving specific economic objectives such as price stability, full employment, and economic growth.
Money market fund: A type of fund that invests in short-term, low-risk securities such as Treasury bills and commercial paper.
Municipal bond: A bond issued by a state or local government, typically used to finance public projects such as schools and roads.
Municipal bond: A type of bond issued by a state or local government that is exempt from federal taxes and, in some cases, state and local taxes.
Municipal bond: A type of bond issued by a state or local government to finance public projects and services.
Municipal bond: A type of bond issued by a state or local government.
Mutual fund: A type of fund that is professionally managed and pools money from many investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities.
Mutual fund: A type of investment fund that pools capital from multiple investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities.
Mutual fund: A type of investment fund that pools money from multiple investors to buy a diversified portfolio of securities.
Mutual Fund: A type of investment vehicle that pools money from many investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities.
Mutual fund: A type of investment vehicle that pools money from multiple investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities.
Net income: The difference between revenue and all expenses, including operating expenses and taxes.
Net margin: The difference between a company’s revenue and its total expenses, expressed as a percentage of revenue.
NFT (Non-Fungible Token): A type of digital asset that represents ownership of a unique item, such as artwork, collectibles, and other one-of-a-kind items.
Node: A computer connected to a blockchain network that participates in maintaining the blockchain ledger and verifying transactions.
Node: A computer connected to a blockchain network, responsible for verifying transactions and adding new blocks.
Node: A computer that participates in a blockchain network by maintaining a copy of the ledger, validating transactions, and adding new blocks.
Nominal GDP: The value of GDP without adjustment for changes in the price level.
Nominal return: The return of an investment before adjusting for inflation.
Nonce: a random number used in the proof of work consensus algorithm, allowing miners to create a unique hash for each block and avoid duplicates.
Non-Fungible Token (NFT): A type of token that represents a unique digital asset, such as artwork or in-game items, that cannot be replicated or divided.
Non-Fungible Token (NFT): A unique, indivisible digital asset stored on a blockchain.
Open interest: The number of outstanding contracts in a futures market, representing the number of trades that have not yet been offset or settled.
Operating expenses: The costs incurred in the day-to-day operations of a business, such as rent, utilities, and salaries.
Operating margin ratio: A financial ratio that measures the percentage of revenue that exceeds the operating expenses.
Operating margin: The difference between a company’s revenue and its operating expenses, expressed as a percentage of revenue.
Option: A type of derivative contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price and date.
Options contract: A type of derivative contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price and date in the future.
Options contract: A type of derivative that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price and date.
Options trading: A type of securities trading that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price within a specified time frame.
Options: A type of derivative that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price within a specified time period.
Order Book: A record of all buy and sell orders for a particular asset, showing the prices and sizes of each order.
Orphan Block: A block that has been discarded from the main blockchain because it is not part of the longest valid chain.
Orphan Block: a valid block that is not part of the longest chain in a blockchain network, often abandoned in favor of the more complete chain.
Passive investing: An investment strategy that involves buying and holding a diversified portfolio of investments, such as index funds, with the goal of matching the performance of the market.
Passive management: An investment strategy in which a portfolio tracks the performance of a specific market index, with minimal active management.
Passive management: The process of following a set strategy or index, as opposed to actively making investment decisions.
Payout ratio: A financial ratio that measures the proportion of earnings that a company is paying out as dividends.
Political risk: The risk associated with investments in a foreign country, such as changes in government policies or instability.
Portfolio diversification: The practice of spreading investments across a variety of assets and sectors to reduce overall risk.
Portfolio rebalancing: The process of adjusting the allocation of assets in an investment portfolio to maintain a desired risk-reward balance.
Portfolio: A collection of investments held by an individual or institution.
Portfolio: A collection of investments held by an individual or institutional investor.
Preferred stock: A type of stock that pays a fixed dividend, has a higher claim on a company’s assets and earnings than common stock, but does not carry voting rights.
Price to book (P/B) ratio: A measure of a company’s stock price relative to its book value, calculated as the current market price per share divided by the book value per share.
Price to earnings (P/E) ratio: A measure of a company’s stock price relative to its earnings, calculated as the current market price per share divided by the earnings per share (EPS).
Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio: A financial ratio that compares a company’s stock price to its earnings per share, used to evaluate the company’s current valuation.
Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio: A financial ratio that measures the price of a stock relative to its earnings.
Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio: A valuation ratio calculated as a company’s current stock price divided by its earnings per share.
Price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio): A measure of a company’s valuation, calculated as the current stock price divided by earnings per share.
Principal: The amount of a loan or deposit, excluding any interest.
Principal: The initial amount of money borrowed or invested.
Private Blockchain: a restricted and centralized blockchain, used by businesses and organizations for internal operations and data management.
Private equity fund: A type of investment fund that invests in private companies, typically with the goal of taking the companies public or selling them for a profit.
Private equity: A type of investment in privately held companies, often with the goal of acquiring and growing the company, and eventually exiting the investment through an initial public offering (IPO) or sale.
Private equity: A type of investment in privately held companies, often with the intention of acquiring the company, improving its operations, and selling it for a profit.
Private equity: A type of investment in which a private investment firm acquires controlling ownership of a company, usually with the goal of restructuring and growing the business before eventually selling it for a profit.
Private Key: A code that is used to access and control the funds associated with a particular public key, kept secret and known only to the owner.
Private Key: a secret piece of information that provides access to a cryptocurrency or blockchain wallet, used to sign transactions and maintain ownership.
Private Key: A secret string of characters that is required to access and control a wallet or other assets on a blockchain.
Producer price index (PPI): A measure of the average price level of a basket of goods and services as they leave the producer, used to track changes in wholesale prices.
Proof of Stake (PoS): A consensus mechanism used in some blockchains, where nodes are selected to validate transactions and add blocks to the blockchain based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to “stake”.
Proof of Work (PoW): A consensus mechanism used in some blockchains, where miners compete to solve a complex mathematical problem and the winner is rewarded with the right to add a block to the blockchain.
Protectionism: An economic policy in which a country restricts trade with other countries to protect its own domestic industries.
Public Blockchain: a decentralized and transparent blockchain open to everyone, allowing anyone to validate transactions and participate in the network.
Public Key: A code that is used to encrypt and receive messages on the blockchain, publicly available for others to send funds.
Public Key: a cryptographic code generated from a private key, used to receive funds in a blockchain network.
Public Key: A string of characters that acts as a unique identifier and enables secure communication, such as sending and receiving cryptocurrency, on a blockchain.
Purchasing power parity (PPP): A measure of the relative purchasing power of different currencies, used to compare the cost of living in different countries.
Quick ratio: A financial ratio that measures a company’s ability to meet its current liabilities with its most liquid assets.
Quota: A limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported or exported.
Ratios analysis: A financial analysis that compares different financial ratios to evaluate a company’s performance and position.
Real estate investment trust (REIT): A company that owns and operates income-generating real estate assets, such as apartments, hotels, and office buildings, and provides investors with a share of the income generated from those assets.
Real estate investment trust (REIT): A type of investment that invests in income-producing real estate properties, such as apartments, offices, and hotels.
Real estate investment trust (REIT): A type of investment that pools capital from multiple investors to purchase a portfolio of income-generating real estate properties, such as apartments, office buildings, and shopping centers.
Real estate investment trust (REIT): A type of investment that pools money from many investors to purchase a portfolio of real estate properties.
Real estate investment trust (REIT): A type of investment trust that invests in real estate properties and pays out a portion of its income to shareholders in the form of dividends.
Real GDP: The value of GDP adjusted for changes in the price level, used to show the output of the economy without the effect of inflation or deflation.
Real return: The return of an investment after adjusting for inflation.
Real return: The return on an investment after adjusting for inflation.
Recession: A period of economic decline, characterized by a decrease in real GDP for two or more consecutive quarters.
Return on assets (ROA): A financial ratio that measures the efficiency with which a company is using its assets to generate profits.
Return on assets (ROA): A measure of a company’s profitability, calculated as net income divided by total assets.
Return on equity (ROE): A financial ratio calculated as a company’s net income divided by its shareholders’ equity, used to evaluate the efficiency and profitability of the company’s use of equity.
Return on equity (ROE): A measure of a company’s profitability, calculated as net income divided by shareholder equity.
Return on investment (ROI): A financial ratio calculated by dividing net income by the total amount of investment.
Revenue recognition: The process of recognizing revenue in the financial statements when it has been earned and is realized or realizable.
Risk management: The process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks in investment portfolios.
Risk tolerance: An investor’s willingness to accept the potential for loss in pursuit of higher returns.
Risk: The chance that an investment will produce a return different from what was expected.
R-squared: A measure of the goodness of fit of a regression line, with a value close to 1 indicating a strong linear relationship and a value close to 0 indicating a weak relationship.
Secondary offering: A subsequent sale of stock by a company after its IPO, used to raise additional capital.
Security: A tradable financial asset, such as a stock, bond, or option.
Seed Phrase/Recovery Phrase: a sequence of words that serves as a backup for a wallet, used to recover the private key and restore access to the funds.
Seed Phrase: A series of words that can be used to regenerate a private key and access a wallet, often used as a backup method for accessing cryptocurrency.
Sharpe ratio: A measure of the risk-adjusted return of an investment, calculated as the return in excess of the risk-free rate divided by the standard deviation of the returns.
Sharpe ratio: A measure of the risk-adjusted return of an investment, calculated as the return of the investment minus the risk-free rate of return, divided by the standard deviation of the investment’s returns.
Sharpe ratio: A measure of the risk-adjusted return of an investment, calculated by dividing the excess return of an investment over the risk-free rate by the standard deviation of the investment’s returns.
Short selling: A trading strategy in which an investor borrows shares of a stock they believe will decrease in value, sells the shares, and then buys them back at a lower price to return to the lender and make a profit.
Short Selling: A type of trading where a trader sells an asset they don’t own, with the aim of buying it back at a lower price and making a profit.
Short selling: The practice of selling a security that the seller does not own, with the expectation that its price will decline so that it can be purchased at a lower price.
Short selling: The practice of selling a security that the seller does not own, with the intention of repurchasing it at a lower price to make a profit.
Short selling: The sale of a security that is not owned by the seller, with the intention of buying the security back at a lower price to make a profit.
Smart Contract: A self-executing computer program on a blockchain that automatically enforces the terms of a contract when certain conditions are met.
Smart Contract: A self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller being directly written into lines of code.
Smart Contract: A self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement directly written into code on the blockchain, allowing for trustless, automated transactions.
Smart Contract: Self-executing code that executes automatically based on predefined conditions.
Smart Contract: self-executing computer programs with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller, automatically enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract.
Smart Contract: self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller being directly written into lines of code, automatically executed when certain conditions are met.
Solvency: A measure of a company’s ability to meet its long-term obligations, such as paying off its loans.
Solvency: The ability of a company or individual to meet its long-term debt obligations.
Solvency: The ability of a company to meet its long-term financial obligations.
Special journal: A journal used to record specific types of transactions, such as cash receipts or sales.
Spread: The difference between the bid and ask price of a security.
Spread: The difference in yield between two bonds, usually expressed as a percentage.
Stablecoin: A cryptocurrency pegged to a stable asset such as the US dollar, designed to minimize price volatility.
Stablecoin: a type of cryptocurrency designed to have a stable value, often pegged to a fiat currency or a basket of assets.
Stablecoin: A type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value relative to a specific asset or basket of assets, such as the US dollar.
Stablecoin: A type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, often pegged to a fiat currency or a basket of assets.
Stablecoin: A type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, typically by being pegged to a fiat currency or a basket of assets.
Stablecoin: A type of cryptocurrency designed to minimize price volatility, often pegged to a stable asset such as the US dollar.
Stablecoin: A type of cryptocurrency that is designed to maintain a stable value, often by being pegged to a fiat currency or a basket of assets.
Standard deviation: A measure of the amount by which an investment’s returns deviate from the average over a specified period of time, often used to gauge the risk of an investment.
Standard deviation: A measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean, with a higher standard deviation indicating higher volatility.
Stock fund: A type of fund that invests primarily in stocks.
Stock split: A corporate action in which a company increases the number of outstanding shares by issuing additional shares to existing shareholders, typically in a proportionate manner.
Stock: A type of security that represents ownership in a corporation, and gives the holder the right to vote on corporate matters and receive dividends.
Stock: A type of security that represents ownership in a corporation.
Stock: An ownership interest in a corporation.
Stop-loss order: An order placed with a broker to sell a security when it reaches a specified price, used to limit potential losses.
Swap: A type of derivative in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows in the future based on changes in the value of a specified underlying asset or benchmark.
Swap: A type of derivative in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows in the future based on changes in the value of an underlying asset.
Tariff: A tax on imported or exported goods.
Tax liability: The amount of taxes owed to a tax authority.
Tax return: A document submitted to a tax authority that reports a company’s taxable income and the amount of taxes owed.
Technical analysis: The study of past market data, primarily price and volume, to identify patterns and make trading decisions.
Ticker Symbol: A unique identifier assigned to a stock or security traded on an exchange, used for efficient trading and identification.
Token: A digital asset created on a blockchain, representing ownership or a certain amount of a particular asset or utility, often used as a means of exchange.
Token: a digital asset representing ownership or utility in a blockchain network, often used for crowdfunding and representing assets such as real estate, stocks, and commodities.
Token: a digital asset that represents a unit of value, commonly used to represent ownership, access rights, or utility in a blockchain network.
Token: A digital unit of value that is issued on a blockchain platform, often representing assets such as assets, shares in a company, or proof of membership.
Tokenization: The process of converting a physical asset into a digital representation, enabling it to be traded as a cryptocurrency or digital asset.
Tokenization: The process of converting ownership of real-world assets into digital tokens, making them easier to transfer, trade, and manage on the blockchain.
Tokenization: The process of representing real-world assets or rights as tokens on a blockchain, allowing for digital ownership and transfer of assets.
Tokenomics: The study of the economics of a token and its underlying network, including supply and demand dynamics, token distribution, and token utility.
Total return: The overall return on an investment, including both income and capital gains.
Trade deficit: When a country imports more goods and services than it exports, resulting in a negative balance of trade.
Trade surplus: When a country exports more goods and services than it imports, resulting in a positive balance of trade.
Trading Bot: An automated software program that buys and sells assets on an exchange based on pre-set rules and algorithms.
Transaction: a transfer of value and information between two parties in a blockchain network, recorded and validated on the blockchain.
Transfer Agent: A third-party entity that keeps records of securities ownership and assists with stock transfers and corporate actions such as stock splits and dividend distributions.
Treasury bond: A bond issued by the federal government, considered to have a low risk of default.
Treasury bond: A type of bond issued by the federal government to finance its debt.
Treasury bond: A type of bond issued by the federal government.
Treasury bond: A type of bond issued by the government that offers a fixed rate of return and is backed by the full faith and credit of the government.
Trend analysis: A financial analysis that examines changes in financial results over time to identify trends and make predictions.
Treynor ratio: A measure of the risk-adjusted return of an investment, calculated as the return in excess of the risk-free rate divided by the beta of the investment.
Trial balance: A report used to test the accuracy of the ledger, ensuring that the total of all debits equal the total of all credits.
Trust: A legal entity that holds assets on behalf of another party, typically for a specific purpose such as investment management or real estate ownership.
Trustee: An individual or entity responsible for overseeing the administration of a trust and ensuring that the assets are managed and distributed in accordance with the trust’s terms.
Unemployment rate: The percentage of the labor force that is not employed but is seeking employment.
Value investing: An investment strategy that focuses on buying stocks that are undervalued based on fundamental analysis.
Variance analysis: The process of comparing actual results to budgeted or expected results to determine the cause of any differences.
Venture capital: A type of private equity investment in early-stage startups with high growth potential.
Venture capital: A type of private equity investment in start-up companies with high growth potential.
Venture capital: A type of private equity investment in which investors provide funding to startups and early-stage companies with high growth potential.
Volatility: A measure of the amount by which the price of an asset fluctuates over time.
Volatility: A measure of the fluctuation of a security’s price over time.
Volatility: A measure of the price fluctuation of a security over time, often used as an indicator of risk.
Volatility: A statistical measure of the amount by which an asset’s price changes over time, often used to gauge the risk of an investment.
Volume: The number of shares or contracts of a security traded in a given time period.
Volume: The number of shares or contracts traded in a security or market during a specified period of time.
Wallet: A digital storage device for cryptocurrency, allowing users to securely receive, store, and send digital assets.
Wallet: A software application used to store, send and receive cryptocurrencies.
Wallet: a software program used to store and manage digital assets and cryptocurrency, allowing users to securely send and receive transactions.
Working capital: The difference between current assets and current liabilities.
Wrapped Token: A token that represents another token, often used to bring non-Ethereum assets to the Ethereum blockchain.
Yield Curve: A graph that plots the yields of fixed income securities of various maturities, used to analyze interest rate expectations and market conditions.
Yield Farming: a DeFi strategy of earning rewards by providing liquidity to decentralized lending and borrowing platforms.
Yield Farming: A strategy of earning rewards by providing liquidity to DeFi protocols.
Yield Farming: A type of investment strategy where investors provide liquidity to decentralized finance protocols in exchange for rewards, usually in the form of yield or tokens.
Yield Farming: An investment strategy that involves providing liquidity to a DeFi protocol in exchange for rewards in the form of tokens.
Yield Farming: An investment strategy where users lend or deposit funds into DeFi protocols to earn rewards in the form of new tokens or interest payments.
Yield to maturity (YTM): The total return anticipated on a bond if the bond is held until it matures, expressed as an annual rate.
Yield: The income generated by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s cost.
Yield: The rate of return on an investment, usually expressed as an annual percentage.
Yield: The return generated by an investment, expressed as a percentage of the original investment.
Yield: The return on an investment, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s cost.
Yield: The return on an investment, expressed as a percentage of the original investment.
Yield: The return on an investment, usually expressed as a percentage of the initial investment.
Zero-Coupon Bond: A bond that makes no periodic interest payments, but instead is sold at a deep discount to its face value and matures at its full value.