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  • AC motor: A motor that runs on alternating current.
  • AC-DC converter: An electronic device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
  • Alternating current (AC): An electric current that periodically reverses direction.
  • Ammeter: An instrument used to measure electric current in a circuit.
  • Ampere (A): The unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the flow of electric charge in a circuit per unit time.
  • Ampere Terminology Definitions
  • Ampere’s circuital law: A mathematical statement of Ampere’s law that states that the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop is equal to the current flowing through the loop.
  • Ampere’s equations: A set of differential equations that describe the behavior of the electromagnetic field in a given region of space, based on Ampere’s law and the continuity equation.
  • Ampere’s force law: A statement of Ampere’s law that states that the force between two current-carrying conductors is proportional to the product of the currents and inversely proportional to the distance between the conductors.
  • Ampere’s law in differential form: A form of Ampere’s law that expresses the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor in terms of the curl of the magnetic field.
  • Ampere’s law in integral form: A form of Ampere’s law that expresses the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor in terms of an integral over the current density.
  • Ampere’s law in point form: A form of Ampere’s law that expresses the magnetic field at a specific point in space due to a current-carrying conductor.
  • Ampere’s law in vector form: A form of Ampere’s law that expresses the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor as a vector equation.
  • Ampere’s law: A fundamental law in electromagnetism which states that the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor is proportional to the current flowing through the conductor.
  • Ampere’s model: A model of the electromagnetic field proposed by Andre-Marie Ampere in which the interaction of microscopic currents creates the electromagnetic field.
  • Ampere’s principle: A statement of Ampere’s law that states that a current-carrying conductor or a changing electric field can create a magnetic field.
  • Artificial polarization: The polarization of an electromagnetic wave generated by an artificial source, such as a laser.
  • Bullet Point List All Ampere Terminology and Related Definitions.
  • Capacitance: The ability of a circuit to store electric charge. It is measured in farads (F).
  • Capacitor: A passive component that stores electric charge in a circuit.
  • Circuit: A closed path through which electric current flows.
  • Circular polarization: A type of electromagnetic wave polarization where the electric field oscillates in a circular motion.
  • Cotton-Mouton effect: The phenomenon where the plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is rotated when it passes through a gas that has a magnetic susceptibility.
  • DC motor: A motor that runs on direct current.
  • DC-AC converter: An electronic device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
  • DC-DC converter: An electronic device that converts direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another.
  • Depolarization: The process of changing the polarization state of an electromagnetic wave.
  • Diode: A semiconductor device that only allows electric current to flow in one direction.
  • Direct current (DC): An electric current that flows in one direction only.
  • Electric charge: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. It is measured in coulombs (C).
  • Electric circuit acceptance testing: The process of testing a circuit to ensure that it meets the acceptance criteria for a project or product.
  • Electric circuit adaptability: The ability of an electric circuit to function correctly in different environments or conditions.
  • Electric circuit aging: The gradual degradation of the performance of an electric circuit over time due to various factors such as wear and tear, environmental conditions, and component aging.
  • Electric circuit analysis tools: A variety of software and hardware tools are used to analyze electric circuits’ behavior.
  • Electric circuit analysis: The process of determining a circuit’s voltage, current, and resistance.
  • Electric circuit analysis: The process of studying and understanding the behavior of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit analysis: The process of using mathematical techniques to understand the behavior of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit availability: The proportion of time that an electric circuit is able to perform its intended function.
  • Electric circuit bill of materials: A list of the components and materials used in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit burn-in testing: The process of exposing a circuit to high temperatures and/or high-stress conditions to accelerate the aging process and identify potential issues.
  • Electric circuit certification: The process of confirming that an electric circuit meets safety and performance standards.
  • Electric circuit compatibility testing: The process of testing a circuit to ensure that it is compatible with other components and subsystems.
  • Electric circuit compliance: The process of ensuring that an electric circuit conforms to regulations and laws.
  • Electric circuit control system: A system that monitors and regulates the behavior of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit cost-effectiveness: The balance between the cost of an electric circuit and its performance or value.
  • Electric circuit current regulation: The practice of maintaining a constant current level in a circuit, typically using a current regulator.
  • Electric circuit customization: The process of tailoring an electric circuit to meet specific requirements or preferences.
  • Electric circuit debugging: The process of identifying and resolving issues in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit dependability: The ability of an electric circuit to function correctly under a wide range of conditions.
  • Electric circuit design automation: The use of computer-aided design (CAD) tools to assist in the design of electric circuits.
  • Electric circuit design tools: A variety of software and hardware tools used to design, simulate, and optimize electric circuits.
  • Electric circuit design: The process of creating a new electric circuit or modifying an existing one.
  • Electric circuit design: The process of creating a plan for an electric circuit that meets specified requirements and performs as intended.
  • Electric circuit design: The process of designing and building a circuit to perform a specific function.
  • Electric circuit disposal: The process of safely disposing of an electric circuit and its components at the end of its lifespan.
  • Electric circuit documentation: The process of creating and maintaining documentation for an electric circuit, including schematics, bills of materials, and operating instructions.
  • Electric circuit documentation: The process of creating documentation for an electric circuit, including schematics, wiring diagrams, and operation manuals.
  • Electric circuit durability testing: The process of determining the longevity of a circuit by subjecting it to different conditions and environments.
  • Electric circuit durability: The ability of an electric circuit to withstand physical stress and wear over time.
  • Electric circuit efficiency: The ratio of useful output power to input power in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): The ability of an electric circuit to function in an electromagnetic environment without causing or being affected by electromagnetic interference.
  • Electric circuit electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): The ability of an electric circuit to operate correctly in an environment with electromagnetic interference.
  • Electric circuit electromagnetic interference (EMI): Unwanted electromagnetic energy that can disrupt the normal operation of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS): The ability of an electric circuit to withstand electromagnetic interference.
  • Electric circuit electromagnetic testing: The process of exposing a circuit to electromagnetic fields to test its immunity and emissions.
  • Electric circuit end-of-life: The point at which an electric circuit is no longer able to function correctly and needs to be replaced or disposed of.
  • Electric circuit energy audit: The process of analyzing and evaluating the energy consumption of an electric circuit to identify areas for improvement.
  • Electric circuit energy conservation: The process of designing and maintaining electric circuits to minimize energy waste.
  • Electric circuit energy efficiency: The ability of an electric circuit to perform its intended function with a minimum of energy consumption.
  • Electric circuit energy efficiency: The process of designing and maintaining electric circuits to minimize energy consumption.
  • Electric circuit energy efficiency: The ratio of the useful energy output of a circuit to the energy input.
  • Electric circuit energy harvesting: The process of collecting and storing energy from an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit energy management: The practice of controlling and optimizing the energy usage in an electric circuit to reduce costs and improve performance.
  • Electric circuit energy management: The process of managing the energy supplied to and used by an electric circuit to optimize its performance and extend its lifespan.
  • Electric circuit energy optimization: The process of designing and maintaining electric circuits to maximize energy efficiency and minimize energy waste.
  • Electric circuit energy recovery: The process of capturing and reusing energy generated by an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit energy storage: The process of storing energy generated by an electric circuit for later use.
  • Electric circuit enhancement: The process of adding new features or capabilities to an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit environmental compliance: The practice of ensuring that an electric circuit meets the environmental regulations that apply to it, such as RoHS and WEEE.
  • Electric circuit environmental testing: The process of exposing a circuit to different environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and vibration, to test its performance.
  • Electric circuit fabrication: The process of creating an electric circuit by assembling and connecting the components on a printed circuit board or other substrate.
  • Electric circuit fault detection: The process of identifying faults or failures in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault diagnosis: The process of identifying and locating faults or failures in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault diagnostics: The process of determining the cause of a fault or failure in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault injection: The process of intentionally introducing faults or failures into an electric circuit for the purpose of testing its fault tolerance or diagnosis capabilities.
  • Electric circuit fault isolation: The process of identifying and isolating a fault or failure in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault isolation: The process of isolating a fault or failure in an electric circuit to a specific component or subsystem.
  • Electric circuit fault prevention: The practice of implementing measures to prevent faults or failures from occurring in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault repair: The process of repairing a fault or failure in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault tolerance: The ability of a circuit to continue functioning despite the presence of faults or failures.
  • Electric circuit fault tolerance: The ability of an electric circuit to continue functioning even when one or more components fail.
  • Electric circuit fault tolerance: The ability of an electric circuit to continue functioning in the presence of faults or failures.
  • Electric circuit fault-finding: The process of locating and identifying faults or failures in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault-mitigation: The process of reducing the impact of faults or failures in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit fault-repair: The process of repairing faults or failures in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit flexibility: The ability of an electric circuit to adapt to different situations or perform multiple functions.
  • Electric circuit frequency regulation: The practice of maintaining a constant frequency in an alternating current circuit, typically using a frequency regulator.
  • Electric circuit functional testing: The process of testing a circuit to ensure that it functions as intended.
  • Electric circuit grounding: The practice of connecting an electric circuit to the earth or a common reference point to reduce the risk of electrical hazards.
  • Electric circuit grounding: The process of connecting an electric circuit to the earth to reduce the risk of electrical shock.
  • Electric circuit grounding: The process of connecting an electric circuit to the ground to establish a reference voltage.
  • Electric circuit harmonic distortion: The deviation of the waveform of a current or voltage from its ideal sinusoidal waveform in an alternating current circuit.
  • Electric circuit harmonic distortion: The deviation of the waveform of an electric circuit from its ideal sinusoidal shape.
  • Electric circuit improvement: The process of making changes to an electric circuit to make it better in some way.
  • Electric circuit insulation: The process of preventing electrical current from flowing through unintended paths in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit integration: The process of combining multiple circuit elements or subsystems into a single integrated circuit.
  • Electric circuit Intellectual property (IP) protection: The practice of protecting the intellectual property rights associated with an electric circuit, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
  • Electric circuit interconnections: The process of connecting multiple electric circuits together to form a larger system.
  • Electric circuit interference: Unwanted electrical signals that can disrupt the normal operation of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit interoperability testing: The process of testing a circuit to ensure that it is compatible with other devices and systems.
  • Electric circuit isolation: The practice of separating different parts of a circuit to prevent electrical current from flowing between them.
  • Electric circuit isolation: The process of separating different parts of an electric circuit to prevent unwanted electrical interaction.
  • Electric circuit isolation: The separation of different parts of an electric circuit to prevent electrical current from flowing between them.
  • Electric circuit layout automation: The use of computer-aided layout (CAL) tools to assist in the layout of electric circuits on a substrate.
  • Electric circuit layout: The process of arranging and connecting the components of an electric circuit on a printed circuit board or other substrate.
  • Electric circuit layout: The process of arranging the components of an electric circuit in a physical layout.
  • Electric circuit lifespan: The duration of time that an electric circuit is expected to operate correctly.
  • Electric circuit lifetime prediction: The process of estimating the remaining lifespan of an electric circuit based on factors such as usage, environment, and component condition.
  • Electric circuit lifetime testing: The process of determining the expected lifetime of a circuit by subjecting it to different conditions and environments.
  • Electric circuit lifetime: The period of time over which an electric circuit is expected to perform its intended function.
  • Electric circuit load testing: The process of determining the maximum load that a circuit can handle without failing.
  • Electric circuit load: The amount of power consumed by a circuit, typically measured in watts.
  • Electric circuit longevity: The lifespan of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit maintainability: The ease with which an electric circuit can be maintained and repaired.
  • Electric circuit maintainability: The ease with which an electric circuit can be repaired or maintained.
  • Electric circuit maintenance and repair: The process of preserving an electric circuit in good working order, including regular cleaning, inspections, diagnosis and fixing problems.
  • Electric circuit maintenance: The practice of keeping an electric circuit in good working condition by performing regular inspections, repairs, and replacements as needed.
  • Electric circuit maintenance: The process of preserving an electric circuit in good working order, including regular cleaning and inspections.
  • Electric circuit management system: A system that manages the overall operation of an electric circuit, including control, measurement, protection, and monitoring.
  • Electric circuit measurement system: A system that measures various parameters of an electric circuit such as voltage, current, and power.
  • Electric circuit measurement: The process of measuring various parameters of an electric circuit such as voltage, current, resistance, and power.
  • Electric circuit modeling: The process of creating a mathematical representation of an electric circuit for simulation or analysis.
  • Electric circuit modeling: The process of creating a mathematical representation of an electric circuit for the purpose of simulation or analysis.
  • Electric circuit modeling: The process of creating a mathematical representation of an electric circuit to predict its behavior and simulate its performance.
  • Electric circuit modification: The process of changing or altering an existing electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit modification: The process of making changes to an electric circuit to improve its performance or capabilities.
  • Electric circuit modularity: The ability of an electric circuit to be broken down into smaller, interchangeable components.
  • Electric circuit monitoring system: A system that continuously monitors the status of an electric circuit and alerts operators to any issues.
  • Electric circuit noise: Unwanted electrical signals in an electric circuit that can interfere with its performance.
  • Electric circuit noise: Unwanted electrical signals that can affect the performance of a circuit.
  • Electric circuit obsolescence: The process of an electric circuit becoming outdated and no longer suitable for use.
  • Electric circuit optimization: The process of adjusting the parameters of an electric circuit to improve its performance.
  • Electric circuit optimization: The process of improving the performance of an electric circuit by adjusting its components and parameters.
  • Electric circuit optimization: The process of making adjustments to an electric circuit to improve its performance or efficiency.
  • Electric circuit overcurrent protection: The practice of protecting a circuit from current levels that exceed the maximum specified current for the circuit or its components.
  • Electric circuit overcurrent protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from current that exceeds its normal operating range.
  • Electric circuit overcurrent protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from damage due to excessive current flow.
  • Electric circuit overvoltage protection: The practice of protecting a circuit from voltage levels that exceed the maximum specified voltage for the circuit or its components.
  • Electric circuit overvoltage protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from damage due to excessive voltage.
  • Electric circuit overvoltage protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from voltage that exceeds its normal operating range.
  • Electric circuit packaging: The process of encapsulating and protecting an electric circuit to make it suitable for use in a specific application.
  • Electric circuit parametric testing: The process of testing a circuit by varying one or more parameters to determine how they affect the circuit’s performance.
  • Electric circuit PCB design: The process of designing the printed circuit board (PCB) layout for an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit performance testing: The process of testing a circuit to ensure that it meets its specified performance requirements.
  • Electric circuit performance: The ability of an electric circuit to meet its specified requirements for voltage, current, power, and other parameters.
  • Electric circuit phase regulation: The practice of maintaining a constant phase difference between two or more currents or voltages in a circuit, typically using a phase regulator.
  • Electric circuit power factor: The ratio of real power to apparent power in an alternating current circuit.
  • Electric circuit power factor: The ratio of real power to apparent power in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit power management: The process of controlling the power supplied to an electric circuit to optimize its performance and extend its lifespan.
  • Electric circuit power quality: The degree to which an electric circuit meets the requirements for voltage, current, and frequency in terms of stability, accuracy, and freedom from disturbance.
  • Electric circuit protection devices: Components used in a circuit to protect it from overcurrent, overvoltage, and other hazards.
  • Electric circuit protection system: A system that protects an electric circuit from damage or malfunction caused by overvoltage, overcurrent, or other factors.
  • Electric circuit protection: The practice of protecting a circuit and its components from damage due to overcurrent, overvoltage, or other electrical hazards.
  • Electric circuit protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from damage or failure due to various factors.
  • Electric circuit qualification testing: The process of testing a circuit to ensure that it meets the requirements for a specific application or environment.
  • Electric circuit quality control: The process of ensuring that an electric circuit meets the required level of quality.
  • Electric circuit reconfiguration: The process of modifying an electric circuit to change its functionality.
  • Electric circuit recycling: The process of recovering materials and components from an electric circuit for reuse.
  • Electric circuit redundancy: The use of multiple components or systems in an electric circuit to increase reliability and fault tolerance.
  • Electric circuit refurbishment: The process of restoring an electric circuit to its original or like-new condition.
  • Electric circuit regression testing: The process of retesting a circuit after changes have been made to ensure that it still functions as intended.
  • Electric circuit reliability testing: The process of determining the reliability of a circuit by subjecting it to different conditions and environments.
  • Electric circuit reliability: The ability of an electric circuit to function correctly over time under normal operating conditions.
  • Electric circuit reliability: The ability of an electric circuit to perform its intended function over a period of time without failure.
  • Electric circuit reliability: The ability of an electric circuit to perform its intended function over a specific period of time under specific conditions.
  • Electric circuit repair: The process of fixing or restoring an electric circuit to its proper working condition.
  • Electric circuit repair: The process of fixing problems with an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit replacement: The process of replacing an electric circuit with a new or updated version.
  • Electric circuit retrofit: The process of updating or replacing components of an existing electric circuit to improve its performance or functionality.
  • Electric circuit reverse engineering: The process of analyzing an existing electric circuit to understand its design and operation.
  • Electric circuit reverse engineering: The process of analyzing and understanding an existing electric circuit in order to replicate or improve it.
  • Electric circuit robustness: The ability of an electric circuit to function correctly in the presence of unexpected input or in adverse conditions.
  • Electric circuit safety compliance: The practice of ensuring that an electric circuit meets the safety regulations that apply to it, such as UL, CE, and CSA.
  • Electric circuit safety regulation: The process of ensuring that electric circuits meet safety standards and guidelines to protect people and equipment.
  • Electric circuit safety: The ability of an electric circuit to protect people and equipment from harm.
  • Electric circuit safety: The practice of ensuring the safe operation of an electric circuit, including the protection of people and equipment from electrical hazards.
  • Electric circuit safety: The process of designing and maintaining electric circuits to minimize the risk of injury or damage to people and equipment.
  • Electric circuit scalability: The ability of an electric circuit to accommodate changes in capacity or capability.
  • Electric circuit scalability: The ability of an electric circuit to be easily expanded or modified to accommodate changing needs.
  • Electric circuit scaling: The process of adjusting the size and/or the parameters of an electric circuit to suit a specific application or technology.
  • Electric circuit schematic: A diagram that shows the components and connections of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit security: The ability of an electric circuit to protect against unauthorized access or tampering.
  • Electric circuit security: The practice of protecting an electric circuit from unauthorized access or interference.
  • Electric circuit shielding: The process of protecting an electric circuit from electromagnetic interference using a conductive barrier.
  • Electric circuit short circuit protection: The practice of protecting a circuit from a short circuit, which occurs when a conductive path is created between two points in a circuit where it should not be.
  • Electric circuit short-circuit protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from damage due to a short circuit.
  • Electric circuit simplicity: The ease with which an electric circuit can be understood and manipulated.
  • Electric circuit simulation: The process of using computer software to model and analyze the behavior of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit simulation: The process of using mathematical models to predict the behavior of an electric circuit under different conditions.
  • Electric circuit simulation: The use of computer models to simulate the behavior of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit standardization: The process of ensuring that an electric circuit conforms to industry standards and regulations.
  • Electric circuit standardization: The process of ensuring that electric circuits conform to established industry standards and specifications.
  • Electric circuit standards compliance: The practice of ensuring that an electric circuit meets the standards and regulations that apply to it.
  • Electric circuit stress testing: The process of subjecting a circuit to extreme conditions to test its limits.
  • Electric circuit surge protection: The practice of protecting a circuit from voltage spikes and other transient events that can cause damage.
  • Electric circuit surge protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from damage due to power surges.
  • Electric circuit surge protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from voltage spikes or surges.
  • Electric circuit system integration testing: The process of testing a circuit as part of a larger system to ensure that it functions as intended and meets all requirements.
  • Electric circuit testing compliance: The practice of ensuring that an electric circuit meets the testing and certification requirements that apply to it.
  • Electric circuit testing: The process of evaluating the performance and functionality of an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit testing: The process of testing an electric circuit to ensure that it meets specified requirements and performs as intended.
  • Electric circuit theory: The study of the behavior and properties of electric circuits, including the analysis and design of circuit elements and systems.
  • Electric circuit topology: The specific arrangement of components and interconnections in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit transient protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from damage due to transient voltage events.
  • Electric circuit transient protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from sudden changes in voltage or current.
  • Electric circuit troubleshooting: The process of diagnosing and resolving problems with an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit troubleshooting: The process of identifying and fixing problems in an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit troubleshooting: The process of identifying and resolving issues with an electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit undercurrent protection: The practice of protecting a circuit from current levels that fall below the minimum specified current for the circuit or its components.
  • Electric circuit undervoltage protection: The practice of protecting a circuit from voltage levels that fall below the minimum specified voltage for the circuit or its components.
  • Electric circuit undervoltage protection: The process of protecting an electric circuit from voltage that falls below its normal operating range.
  • Electric circuit upgrade: The process of improving or enhancing an existing electric circuit.
  • Electric circuit upgrade: The process of updating or upgrading an electric circuit to improve its performance or capabilities.
  • Electric circuit usability testing: The process of testing a circuit to ensure that it is user-friendly and easy to use.
  • Electric circuit validation: The process of ensuring that an electric circuit meets its specified requirements and performs as intended in its intended environment.
  • Electric circuit validation: Ensuring that an electric circuit performs as intended in its intended environment.
  • Electric circuit verification: The process of ensuring that an electric circuit meets its specified requirements.
  • Electric circuit verification: Ensuring that an electric circuit meets the requirements and specifications.
  • Electric circuit voltage regulation: The practice of maintaining a constant voltage level in a circuit, typically using a voltage regulator.
  • Electric current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A).
  • Electric field: A field that exerts a force on electric charges in the presence of other charges.
  • Electric motor drive: An electronic system that controls the speed and torque of an electric motor.
  • Electric power: The rate at which electric energy is transferred in a circuit. It is measured in watts (W).
  • Electric vehicle (EV) charger: An electronic device that charges the battery of an electric vehicle.
  • Electrical resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
  • Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing: The process of testing a device or system to ensure that it does not emit or receive electromagnetic interference that could affect its performance or the performance of other nearby devices or systems.
  • Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC): The ability of a system or device to function properly in its intended environment without interfering with other systems or devices.
  • Electromagnetic Field (EMF): A field that exerts a force on charged particles and is created by a changing electric field or a changing magnetic field.
  • Electromagnetic Induction: The phenomenon in which a changing magnetic field induces an electric current to flow in a conductor.
  • Electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter: A device that is used to reduce electromagnetic interference in a circuit by blocking or attenuating unwanted electromagnetic signals.
  • Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): The unwanted coupling of electromagnetic energy from one circuit or system to another.
  • Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP): A burst of electromagnetic energy caused by a nuclear explosion, solar flare, or other means, that can damage or disrupt electronic devices and power systems.
  • Electromagnetic Radiation: A form of energy that travels through space in the form of waves or photons, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
  • Electromagnetic Shielding: The practice of using a barrier or enclosure made of a conductive or magnetic material to block or reduce the amount of electromagnetic radiation that passes through it.
  • Electromagnetic Spectrum: The range of all types of electromagnetic waves arranged according to their frequency or wavelength.
  • Electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) testing: The process of testing a device or system to determine its susceptibility to electromagnetic interference.
  • Electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS): The measure of the ability of a device or system to withstand the effects of electromagnetic interference.
  • Electromagnetic wave absorption: The process by which an electromagnetic wave loses energy as it passes through a medium, due to the conversion of the wave’s energy into heat or other forms of energy.
  • Electromagnetic wave attenuation coefficient: The rate at which the amplitude of an electromagnetic wave decreases as it travels through a medium, typically measured in decibels per meter (dB/m).
  • Electromagnetic wave attenuation: The reduction of the amplitude of an electromagnetic wave as it travels through a medium, due to absorption, scattering, and other loss mechanisms.
  • Electromagnetic wave Brewster angle: The angle at which the reflected and refracted components of an electromagnetic wave are exactly out of phase, resulting in minimum reflection from a surface.
  • Electromagnetic wave Brewster’s law: An empirical law that relates the polarizing angle of an electromagnetic wave to the refractive index of a medium and the angle of incidence.
  • Electromagnetic wave coherence: The property of two or more electromagnetic waves that have a constant phase difference between them, allowing them to interfere constructively or destructively.
  • Electromagnetic wave critical angle: The angle at which the refracted component of an electromagnetic wave is at 90 degrees to the surface, resulting in total internal reflection from a surface.
  • Electromagnetic wave diffraction grating: A device made up of a large number of parallel slits or grooves that diffracts an incident electromagnetic wave, separating it into its different wavelength components.
  • Electromagnetic wave diffraction grating: A device that consists of a large number of closely spaced parallel lines, which can diffract an electromagnetic wave and produce a spectrum of colors.
  • Electromagnetic wave diffraction limit: The minimum size of an object that can be resolved by an electromagnetic wave, which is determined by the wavelength of the wave and the numerical aperture of the imaging system.
  • Electromagnetic wave diffraction: The bending of an electromagnetic wave around an obstacle or through an opening, causing the wave to spread out.
  • Electromagnetic wave diffraction: The phenomenon where an electromagnetic wave bends around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening, resulting in spreading of the wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave dispersion: The separation of an electromagnetic wave into its different frequency components as it passes through a medium, causing the wave to spread out in time and space.
  • Electromagnetic wave Doppler effect: The phenomenon where the frequency of an electromagnetic wave changes as the source and observer move relative to each other.
  • Electromagnetic wave Fraunhofer diffraction: The diffraction of an electromagnetic wave by an object that is much smaller than the wavelength of the wave, resulting in a diffraction pattern on a screen far from the object.
  • Electromagnetic wave frequency: The number of oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave per second, typically measured in hertz (Hz).
  • Electromagnetic wave Fresnel diffraction: The diffraction of an electromagnetic wave by an object that is comparable in size to the wavelength of the wave, resulting in a diffraction pattern on a screen close to the object.
  • Electromagnetic wave group velocity: The speed at which the energy of an electromagnetic wave travels through a medium, which can be different from the velocity of its phase.
  • Electromagnetic wave impedance: The complex ratio of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave, typically measured in ohms (Ω).
  • Electromagnetic wave interference: The phenomenon in which two or more electromagnetic waves combine to create a new wave pattern, resulting in constructive or destructive interference.
  • Electromagnetic wave interference: The phenomenon where two or more electromagnetic waves combine to produce a resultant wave, which can be constructive or destructive depending on the phase difference between the waves.
  • Electromagnetic wave modulation techniques: Techniques used to modulate electromagnetic waves such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM).
  • Electromagnetic wave modulation: The process of varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an electromagnetic wave to carry information.
  • Electromagnetic wave normal incidence: The incidence of an electromagnetic wave at an angle of 90 degrees to a surface.
  • Electromagnetic wave penetration depth: The distance that an electromagnetic wave can travel into a medium before its amplitude is significantly reduced, which is determined by the properties of the medium and the wavelength of the wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave phase velocity: The speed at which the phase of an electromagnetic wave travels through a medium, which can be different from the velocity of its energy.
  • Electromagnetic wave polarization ellipse: A mathematical representation of the orientation of the electric field vector of an elliptically polarized electromagnetic wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave polarization: The direction of oscillation of the electric field vector in an electromagnetic wave, which can be linear, circular, or elliptical.
  • Electromagnetic wave polarization: The orientation of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave, which can be linear, circular or elliptical.
  • Electromagnetic wave polarization: The state of an electromagnetic wave where its oscillating electric and magnetic fields are oriented in a particular direction.
  • Electromagnetic wave propagation constant: The complex quantity that describes the amplitude and phase of an electromagnetic wave as it travels through a medium, typically measured in ohms per meter (Ω/m).
  • Electromagnetic wave propagation loss: The reduction of the amplitude of an electromagnetic wave as it travels through a medium, typically measured in decibels (dB).
  • Electromagnetic wave propagation vector: The vector quantity that describes the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave, typically measured in meters per second (m/s).
  • Electromagnetic wave propagation velocity: The speed at which an electromagnetic wave travels through a medium, which is determined by the properties of the medium and the wavelength of the wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave propagation: The behavior of electromagnetic waves as they travel through different materials and environments, such as through free space, through a vacuum, through a medium, through a waveguide, and through different types of boundaries.
  • Electromagnetic wave reflection: The bouncing back of an electromagnetic wave when it strikes a surface or boundary that it cannot pass through.
  • Electromagnetic wave refraction: The bending of an electromagnetic wave as it passes through a medium with a different refractive index.
  • Electromagnetic wave scattering: The process by which an electromagnetic wave is redirected in different directions by an obstacle or a particulate medium.
  • Electromagnetic wave self-focusing: The phenomenon where an electromagnetic wave passing through a nonlinear medium causes its own intensity distribution to change, leading to the focusing of the wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave self-phase modulation: The phenomenon where an electromagnetic wave passing through a nonlinear medium causes its own phase distribution to change, leading to the modulation of the wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave self-steepening: The phenomenon where an electromagnetic wave passing through a nonlinear medium causes its own slope distribution to change, leading to the steepening of the wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave Snell’s law: A mathematical relationship that describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction of an electromagnetic wave at an interface between two different media and the ratio of their refractive indices.
  • Electromagnetic wave superposition: The principle that the total electric and magnetic fields of two or more electromagnetic waves are the sum of the individual fields of each wave.
  • Electromagnetic wave Talbot effect: The phenomenon where an electromagnetic wave passing through a diffraction grating creates a self-replication of the diffraction pattern at a certain distance from the grating.
  • Electromagnetic wave wavelength: The distance between two consecutive points of the same phase in an electromagnetic wave, typically measured in meters (m).
  • Electromagnetic waves: Waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space at the speed of light. Examples include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
  • Electromagnetism: The branch of physics that deals with the interaction of electric charges and magnetic fields.
  • Electromotive force (EMF): The energy per unit charge that causes a current to flow in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
  • Elliptical polarization: A type of electromagnetic wave polarization where the electric field oscillates in an elliptical motion.
  • Faraday effect: The phenomenon where the plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is rotated when it passes through a material that has a magnetic susceptibility.
  • Faraday rotation: The phenomenon where the plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is rotated when it passes through a magnetic field.
  • Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: The law that states that the induced emf (electromotive force) in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux linking the circuit.
  • Faraday’s law of induction: A law that describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force in a circuit.
  • Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
  • High-Temperature Superconductivity (HTS): A phenomenon in which a material exhibits superconductivity at temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (around 77 K or -196°C).
  • Inductance: The ability of a circuit to oppose changes in current. It is measured in henries (H).
  • Inductor: A passive component that opposes changes in current in a circuit.
  • Inverter: An electronic device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
  • Josephson Effect: The phenomenon in which a supercurrent flows through a Josephson junction due to the quantum-mechanical tunneling of Cooper pairs.
  • Josephson Junction: A type of superconducting junction in which a thin insulating layer separates two superconducting layers, allowing the flow of a supercurrent across the insulating barrier.
  • Kirchhoff’s laws: Two laws that describe the conservation of electric charge and energy in a circuit. They are used to analyze and solve problems related to circuits.
  • Lenz’s law: A law that describes the direction of induced current in a circuit.
  • Lenz’s Law: The law that states that the direction of the induced current in a circuit is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes it.
  • Linear polarization: A type of electromagnetic wave polarization where the electric field oscillates in a single plane.
  • Magnetic field: A field that exerts a force on moving electric charges in the presence of other charges.
  • Maxwell’s Equations: A set of four equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions with charges and currents.
  • Maxwell’s equations: A set of four equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields.
  • Motor: A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
  • Natural polarization: The intrinsic polarization of an electromagnetic wave generated by a natural source, such as light from the sun.
  • Ohm (Ω): The unit of electrical resistance in the SI. It is defined as the resistance between two points in a circuit where a potential difference of one volt causes a current of one ampere.
  • Ohmmeter: An instrument used to measure electrical resistance in a circuit.
  • Optical activity: The phenomenon where the plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is rotated when it passes through a material that has a natural optical activity.
  • Power electronics: A field of electrical engineering that deals with the design and control of electronic devices that convert and control the flow of electrical energy.
  • Power electronics: The application of solid-state devices to control and convert electric power.
  • Power semiconductors: Electronic devices, such as transistors and diodes, that are used to control the flow of electrical energy in power electronics applications.
  • Printed circuit board (PCB): A board made of insulating material on which conductive traces and components are placed to create an electric circuit.
  • Pulse width modulation (PWM): A technique used in power electronics to control the amount of power delivered to an electric circuit by varying the duty cycle of a rectangular waveform.
  • Rectifier: An electronic device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
  • Resistor: A passive component that opposes the flow of electric current in a circuit.
  • SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device): A type of sensitive magnetometer that uses the Josephson effect to measure very small magnetic fields.
  • Superconducting coil: A coil made of superconducting wire that can generate a strong magnetic field with very little energy loss.
  • Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL): A device that uses superconductivity to limit the amount of current that can flow in an electric circuit during a fault or overload condition.
  • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES): A technology that uses superconducting coils to store and release large amounts of energy quickly.
  • Superconducting Magnetic Levitation (Maglev): A technology that uses superconducting magnets to levitate and propel a vehicle with very little friction.
  • Superconducting Quantum Computing: A form of quantum computing that uses superconducting circuits to perform quantum operations.
  • Superconducting wire: A wire made of a superconducting material that can conduct electricity with zero resistance.
  • Superconductivity: A phenomenon in which a material has zero electrical resistance and can conduct electricity with 100% efficiency at very low temperatures.
  • Superconductivity: A phenomenon in which a material has zero electrical resistance and expels magnetic fields when cooled to very low temperatures.
  • Switch-mode power supply (SMPS): A type of power supply that uses electronic switching to convert and regulate the voltage and current of an electric circuit.
  • Transformer: An electromagnetic device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction.
  • Transistor: A semiconductor device that can be used as an amplifier or switch in an electric circuit.
  • Voigt effect: The phenomenon where the plane of polarization of an electromagnetic wave is rotated when it passes through a gas that has both a magnetic susceptibility and a linear birefringence.
  • Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
  • Voltmeter: An instrument used to measure voltage in a circuit.
  • Wattmeter: An instrument used to measure electric power in a circuit.
Amperage
CZ Electric
SI Unit