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Scope in programming refers to the region of the program where a particular variable, function, or other named entity can be accessed and manipulated. It defines the visibility and accessibility of variables and other symbols in different parts of the program. Understanding scope is essential for writing clear, organized, and bug-free code.

There are typically two main types of scope in programming:

1. Global Scope: Variables defined in the global scope are accessible from anywhere in the program, including within functions or other blocks of code. Global variables are declared outside of any functions or blocks. Example (Python):

   global_var = 10  # This is a global variable

   def my_function():
       print(global_var)  # Accessing the global variable inside a function

   my_function()

2. Local Scope: Variables defined within a function or block of code have local scope. They are only accessible within the function or block where they are defined. Example (Python):

   def my_function():
       local_var = 20  # This is a local variable
       print(local_var)

   my_function()
   # print(local_var)  # This would result in an error since 'local_var' is not accessible outside the function

Scopes are nested, which means that an inner scope can access variables from the outer scope, but the reverse is not true. This principle is known as lexical scoping or static scoping.

outer_var = 5

def outer_function():
    inner_var = 10

    def inner_function():
        print(outer_var)  # 'inner_function' can access 'outer_var'
        print(inner_var)  # 'inner_function' can access 'inner_var'

    inner_function()

outer_function()
# print(inner_var)  # This would result in an error because 'inner_var' is not accessible here

Proper understanding of scope helps prevent naming conflicts, improves code organization, and ensures that variables are used in the appropriate context. It also plays a role in memory management and optimization, as variables in local scope are typically destroyed after their scope is exited, freeing up memory.

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