2FA, or Two-Factor Authentication, is a security process used to verify the identity of a user or device by requiring two different authentication factors. Authentication factors are pieces of information or characteristics that help confirm that the person or device trying to access a system or account is legitimate.
Here’s how 2FA works:
- First Factor (Knowledge): This is usually something the user knows, such as a password, PIN, or security question. It’s the traditional method of authentication.
- Second Factor (Possession or Inherence): This is something the user has or something the user is. It provides an additional layer of security. Second factors can include:
- Smartphone or Token: The user receives a one-time code on their smartphone through an app or via SMS.
- Hardware Token: A physical device that generates time-based or event-based codes.
- Biometric Data: Characteristics unique to the user, like fingerprints or facial recognition.
To gain access, a user needs to provide both the first and second factors. Even if someone knows the user’s password (first factor), they won’t be able to access the account without the second factor (e.g., the one-time code sent to their smartphone).
2FA significantly enhances security because it makes it much harder for unauthorized individuals to access accounts or systems, even if they have stolen or cracked a password. It is widely used in online banking, email services, social media accounts, and many other applications to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access and cyberattacks.