- A: Alveolar, a type of speech sound made with the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, which is the bony structure behind the upper teeth
- B: Bilabial, a type of speech sound made with both lips
- C: Consonant, a speech sound that is produced by a partial or complete blockage of airflow in the vocal tract
- D: Dental, a type of speech sound made with the tongue touching the upper teeth
- E: Vowel, a sound made by the vocal cords with a relatively open vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely
- F: Fricative, a type of speech sound made by narrowing the vocal tract, causing friction as air is forced through
- G: Glottal, a type of speech sound made by the vibrations of the vocal cords, as in the sound of the letter ‘h’
- H: Voiceless, a term used to describe speech sounds that are made without the vibration of the vocal cords
- I: Close, a term used to describe vowel sounds that are pronounced with the tongue relatively close to the roof of the mouth
- J: Palatal, a type of speech sound made with the tongue touching the hard palate
- K: Velar, a type of speech sound made with the back of the tongue touching the soft palate
- L: Lateral, a type of speech sound made by allowing air to escape from the sides of the tongue, as in the sound of the letter ‘l’
- M: Nasal, a type of speech sound made by allowing air to escape through the nose, as in the sound of the letter ‘m’
- N: Velar nasal, a type of speech sound made by allowing air to escape through the nose while the back of the tongue touches the soft palate
- O: Open, a term used to describe vowel sounds that are pronounced with the tongue relatively far from the roof of the mouth
- P: Bilabial stop, a type of speech sound made by completely blocking airflow with both lips
- Q: Uvular, a type of speech sound made with the back of the tongue touching the uvula
- R: Alveolar flap, a type of speech sound made by flapping the tongue against the alveolar ridge
- S: Alveolar fricative, a type of speech sound made by narrowing the vocal tract and forcing air through the alveolar ridge
- T: Alveolar stop, a type of speech sound made by completely blocking airflow with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge
- U: Back, a term used to describe vowel sounds that are pronounced with the back of the tongue relatively high in the mouth
- V: Labiodental, a type of speech sound made by pressing the lower lip against the upper teeth
- W: Labiovelar, a type of speech sound made by pressing the lower lip against the upper teeth and the back of the tongue against the soft palate
- X: Velar fricative, a type of speech sound made by narrowing the vocal tract and forcing air through the region behind the back of the tongue
- Y: Palatal approximant, a type of speech sound made by bringing the tongue close to the hard palate but not quite touching
- Z: Alveolar fricative, a type of speech sound made by narrowing the vocal tract and forcing air through the region behind the tip of the tongue.
- Á: Acute accent, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a stressed syllable
- Ä: Umlaut, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in vowel sound, often indicating a change from “a” to “ä”
- Å: Ring, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a specific sound, often used in Scandinavian languages
- Ç: Cedilla, a diacritical mark placed below a letter “c” to indicate a change in sound, often indicating a “s” sound instead of a “k” sound
- Č: Caron, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Slavic languages
- Ð: Eth, a letter used in Old English and some Scandinavian languages to represent a voiced dental fricative sound
- É: Acute accent, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a stressed syllable
- È: Grave accent, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a lowered pitch or a pronounced breathiness
- Ê: Circumflex, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a change in vowel sound or stress
- Ě: Caron, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Slavic languages
- Ğ: G with breve, a letter used in Turkish and Azeri language to indicate a voiced velar fricative
- Í: Acute accent, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a stressed syllable
- Ï: Umlaut, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in vowel sound, often indicating a change from “i” to “ï”
- İ: Dotless i, a letter used in Turkish language to indicate a different sound than “i” with dot above
- Ñ: Tilde, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often indicating a “ny” sound instead of “n”
- Ň: Caron, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Slavic languages
- Ó: Acute accent, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a stressed syllable
- Ò: Grave accent, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a lowered pitch or a pronounced breathiness
- Ô: Circumflex, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a change in vowel sound or stress
- Ř: Caron, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Slavic languages
- Š: Caron, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Slavic languages
- Ú: Acute accent, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, often indicating a stressed syllable
- Ů: Caron, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Slavic languages
- Ü: Umlaut, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in vowel sound, often indicating a change from “u” to “ü”
- Ž: Caron, a diacritical mark placed above a letter “z” to indicate a change in sound, often used in Slavic languages
- Œ: Ligature, a combination of two or more letters that are written as a single character, often used in French, Latin and other languages.
- ß: Eszett, a letter used in German language to indicate a double “s” sound
- Ø: Slashed o, a letter used in Danish, Norwegian, and Faroese to indicate a specific sound
- Þ: Thorn, a letter used in Old English and some Scandinavian languages to represent a voiceless dental fricative sound
- ı: Dotless i, a letter used in Turkish language to indicate a different sound than “i” with dot above
- ğ: Soft g, a letter used in Turkish language to indicate a different sound than “g”
- ș: Comma above, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Romanian language
- ț: Comma below, a diacritical mark placed below a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Romanian language
- č: Hacek, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Czech and Slovak languages
- ć: Hacek, a diacritical mark placed above a letter to indicate a change in sound, often used in Polish language
- đ: Crossed d, a letter used in Vietnamese language to indicate a different sound than “d”
- ħ: H with bar, a letter used in Maltese language to indicate a specific sound
- ĸ: K with cedilla, a letter used in some languages to indicate a different sound than “k”
- ł: Barred l, a letter used in Polish language to indicate a different sound than “l”
- ń: N with acute, a letter used in Polish language to indicate a different sound than “n”
- ś: S with acute, a letter used in Polish language to indicate a different sound than “s”
- ź: Z with acute, a letter used in Polish language to indicate a different sound than “z”
- ż: Z with dot above, a letter used in Polish language to indicate a different sound than “z”
Note that this is not an exhaustive list; many more letters and diacritical marks are used in different languages and writing systems. These are the most commonly used letters and their related terminology and definitions. However, different languages and writing systems may have additional letters and diacritical marks that are not included in this list. If you have a specific language or writing system in mind, I can try to provide more information about it.