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  • Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
  • Activation energy: The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.
  • Adduct: A compound formed by the addition of one molecule to another.
  • Adsorption: The process of a substance sticking to the surface of another substance.
  • Aldehyde: A compound that contains a carbonyl group (-C=O) at the end of the carbon chain.
  • Alkane: A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
  • Alkene: A hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
  • Alkyne: A hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.
  • Amines: Organic compounds that contain nitrogen, and are derivatives of ammonia.
  • Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins, containing both an amine and a carboxyl group.
  • Analytical chemistry: The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the methods used to determine these properties.
  • Analytical chemistry: The study of the techniques used to identify, quantify and separate the components of a mixture.
  • Analytical chemistry: The study of the techniques used to identify, quantify, and separate the components of a mixture.
  • Astrochemistry: The study of the chemical composition and behavior of matter in the universe.
  • Astrochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies.
  • Astrophysical chemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies.
  • Astrophysics: The study of the physical properties and behavior of matter in space.
  • Atom: The basic unit of matter. It is composed of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in a cloud.
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM): A technique that uses a tiny probe to produce high-resolution images of the surface of a material.
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM): A technique used to produce high-resolution images of the surface of a material by measuring the force exerted by a tiny probe as it is scanned across the surface.
  • Auger electron spectroscopy (AES): A technique used to study the electronic structure of a material by measuring the energy and number of electrons emitted from the surface of a sample when it is irradiated with a beam of high-energy electrons.
  • Base: A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
  • Biochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, including the study of enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.
  • Biochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, including the study of enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules.
  • Biochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms.
  • Bioinorganic chemistry: The study of the role of metals and other inorganic elements in biological systems.
  • Biological chemistry: The study of the chemistry of living systems, including the structure and function of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
  • Biomaterials: materials that can interact with biological systems in a specific way, they can be used in medical implants, scaffold for tissue engineering, drug delivery and many other applications.
  • Biomaterials: The application of materials science to the design of materials that interact with living systems, such as implantable medical devices.
  • Biomaterials: The study of materials that interact with biological systems, such as medical implants and artificial tissues.
  • Biomedical analytical chemistry: The application of analytical techniques to the study of biological samples such as blood and tissues.
  • Biomedical engineering: The application of engineering principles to the design and development of medical equipment and devices.
  • Biophysical chemistry: The study of the physical and chemical properties of biological molecules and how they interact.
  • Bioreactor: A device used to culture cells or microorganisms under controlled conditions.
  • Biotechnology: The application of biological and chemical principles to the development of new products and technologies such as genetically modified crops and recombinant proteins.
  • Biotechnology: The application of biological and chemical processes to the production of products such as drugs, vaccines, and biofuels.
  • Biotechnology: The application of biology and chemistry to the development of new products and technologies such as genetically modified crops, and recombinant proteins.
  • Buffering capacity: The ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH.
  • Buffers: A solution that can resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
  • Bullet Point List All Chemicals: Terminology and Related Definitions Chemically.
  • Capillary electrophoresis (CE): A technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture of ions or small molecules by passing them through a capillary tube in an electric field.
  • Carbohydrates: Organic compounds that include sugars and their derivatives, such as starches and cellulose.
  • Carboxylic acid: A compound that contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom.
  • Catalysis: The study of how catalysts affect the rate of chemical reactions.
  • Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
  • Chemical analysis: The process of determining the composition, structure, and properties of a chemical compound or material, including techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and microscopy.
  • Chemical characterization: The identification and characterization of a chemical compound or material, including its chemical structure and properties.
  • Chemical defense: The protection of individuals and communities from chemical warfare agents, including the development of protective equipment and decontamination procedures.
  • Chemical education: The study of teaching and learning chemistry, including curriculum design and development, assessment, and research on student learning.
  • Chemical education: The study of teaching and learning of chemistry.
  • Chemical engineering air pollution control: The application of chemical engineering principles to the control of air pollution, including the removal of pollutants from emissions and the design of systems to minimize emissions.
  • Chemical engineering bioprocessing: The application of chemical engineering principles to the design and operation of systems that use living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify products.
  • Chemical engineering biotechnology: The application of chemical engineering principles to the design and operation of systems that use living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify products.
  • Chemical engineering catalysis: The study of catalysts and how they speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
  • Chemical engineering colloid and interface science: The study of the properties and behavior of colloids and interfaces, including the interactions between different materials and the adsorption of molecules on surfaces.
  • Chemical engineering combustion: The study of the chemical reactions that occur during combustion, including the kinetics and thermodynamics of combustion reactions and the design of systems for the efficient and clean burning of fuels.
  • Chemical engineering electrochemical engineering: The application of chemical engineering principles to the study and design of electrochemical systems and processes, including batteries, fuel cells, and electroplating.
  • Chemical engineering energy: The application of chemical engineering principles to the production and use of energy, including the use of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources.
  • Chemical engineering environmental chemistry: The application of chemical engineering principles to the study of environmental chemistry, including the fate and transport of pollutants, the behavior of contaminants in the environment, and the remediation of contaminated sites.
  • Chemical engineering environmental engineering: The application of chemical and environmental principles to the design and operation of systems that protect and preserve the environment.
  • Chemical engineering fermentation technology: The application of chemical engineering principles to the design and operation of systems for the fermentation of microorganisms to produce products such as antibiotics, enzymes, and biofuels.
  • Chemical engineering fluid mechanics: The study of how fluids (liquids and gases) behave and how they can be controlled in chemical processes, including the study of fluid flow, turbulence, and multiphase systems.
  • Chemical engineering food science: The application of chemical engineering principles to the design and operation of systems for the production and processing of food.
  • Chemical engineering forensic science: The application of chemical engineering principles to the investigation of crimes and other legal cases, including the analysis of evidence and the reconstruction of crime scenes.
  • Chemical engineering heat exchangers: The study of the design, operation and optimization of heat exchangers, which are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluids.
  • Chemical engineering heat transfer: The study of how heat is transferred in chemical processes, including the study of conduction, convection, and radiation.
  • Chemical engineering industrial hygiene: The application of chemical engineering principles to the control of workplace hazards, including the design of systems to minimize exposure to hazardous materials and the implementation of safety protocols.
  • Chemical engineering kinetics: The study of the kinetics of chemical reactions, including the rates and mechanisms of reactions.
  • Chemical engineering mass transfer: The study of how mass is transferred in chemical processes, including the study of diffusion, convection, and mass transfer coefficients.
  • Chemical engineering materials science: The study of the properties and behavior of materials used in chemical processes, including the design and development of new materials.
  • Chemical engineering mixing technology: The study of the principles and methods used to mix liquids, gases and solids, including the design of mixing equipment and the optimization of mixing processes.
  • Chemical engineering modeling and simulation: The use of mathematical models and computer simulations to represent and predict the behavior of chemical processes and systems.
  • Chemical engineering multiphase systems: The study of systems that involve the simultaneous presence of multiple phases, such as solid, liquid and gas, and the behavior of these systems.
  • Chemical engineering nanotechnology: The application of chemical engineering principles to the design and operation of systems at the nanometer scale.
  • Chemical engineering petrochemical industry: The application of chemical engineering principles to the production and processing of products from petroleum and natural gas.
  • Chemical engineering pharmaceutical industry: The application of chemical engineering principles to the production and processing of pharmaceuticals and other healthcare products.
  • Chemical engineering process control: The use of control systems to optimize the performance of chemical processes and equipment.
  • Chemical engineering process design and optimization: The study of the design and optimization of chemical processes and equipment, including the use of mathematical modeling, computer simulations, and process control techniques.
  • Chemical engineering process dynamics and control: The study of the dynamic behavior of chemical processes and the use of control systems to optimize their performance.
  • Chemical engineering process economics and project management: The study of the economic and project management aspects of chemical engineering, including the estimation of costs, the evaluation of investment opportunities, and the management of projects.
  • Chemical engineering process equipment design: The study of the design of equipment used in chemical processes, including reactors, heat exchangers, separators, and pumps.
  • Chemical engineering process integration and synthesis: The study of the integration and synthesis of multiple chemical processes and equipment to create efficient and cost-effective systems.
  • Chemical engineering process modeling and simulation: The use of mathematical models and computer simulations to predict the behavior of chemical processes and systems, and to optimize their performance.
  • Chemical engineering process safety and risk management: The study of the hazards associated with chemical processes and the methods used to mitigate those hazards, including the use of process safety management and risk analysis techniques.
  • Chemical engineering process safety: The study of the hazards associated with chemical processes and the methods used to mitigate those hazards.
  • Chemical engineering process systems engineering: The study of how to design and optimize chemical processes and equipment, including the use of mathematical modeling and computer simulations.
  • Chemical engineering process systems engineering: The study of the integration of multiple chemical processes and equipment to create efficient and cost-effective systems, including the use of mathematical modeling, computer simulations, and process control techniques.
  • Chemical engineering reaction engineering: The study of how to design and optimize chemical reactions, including the study of reaction kinetics and reactor design.
  • Chemical engineering scale-up and manufacturing: The study of the scaling up of laboratory-scale processes and the design of equipment for large-scale manufacturing.
  • Chemical engineering separation processes: The study of how to separate chemical compounds and materials, including the use of distillation, extraction, and adsorption processes.
  • Chemical engineering separation technology: The study of the principles and methods used to separate mixtures of chemical compounds, including distillation, extraction, crystallization, and adsorption.
  • Chemical engineering sustainability: The application of chemical engineering principles to the design of sustainable processes and products that minimize environmental impacts.
  • Chemical engineering thermodynamics: The study of the thermodynamics of chemical processes, including the relationships between heat, work, and internal energy.
  • Chemical engineering transport phenomena: The study of how mass, energy, and momentum are transported in chemical systems, including the study of diffusion, convection, and heat transfer.
  • Chemical engineering unit operations: The study of basic building blocks of chemical processes, including mixing, separation, heat transfer, mass transfer, and chemical reactions.
  • Chemical engineering waste treatment: The application of chemical engineering principles to the treatment of waste materials, including the separation of recyclable materials, the reduction of hazardous materials, and the disposal of non-recyclable materials.
  • Chemical engineering water treatment: The application of chemical engineering principles to the treatment of water for drinking, industrial, and agricultural use, including the removal of impurities and disinfection.
  • Chemical engineering: The application of chemical and physical principles to the design and operation of chemical processes and equipment, including the development of new materials and processes.
  • Chemical engineering: The application of chemical and physical principles to the design and operation of chemical processes and equipment.
  • Chemical engineering: The application of chemistry, physics, mathematics, and engineering to the design, development and operation of chemical processes and equipment.
  • Chemical engineering: The application of chemistry, physics, mathematics, and engineering to the design, development, and operation of chemical processes and equipment.
  • Chemical equation: A representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and chemical symbols.
  • Chemical equilibrium: The state in which the concentrations of the reactants and products in a reaction remain constant over time.
  • Chemical ethics: The study of the ethical principles and issues related to the practice of chemistry, including the responsible conduct of research and the impact of chemical processes on the environment and human health.
  • Chemical fate and transport: The study of how chemicals move through the environment, including the factors that affect their distribution, degradation, and accumulation.
  • Chemical history: The study of the history of chemistry and its impact on society.
  • Chemical history: The study of the history of chemistry, including the work of important chemists, the development of chemical ideas, and the impact of chemistry on society.
  • Chemical imaging: The use of imaging techniques to visualize the distribution and properties of chemicals, including techniques such as Raman imaging, fluorescence imaging, and mass spectrometry imaging.
  • Chemical industry: The business of producing and selling chemicals and related products, including the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, plastics, and fertilizers.
  • Chemical kinetics: The study of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that affect it.
  • Chemical kinetics: The study of the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions.
  • Chemical literature: The study of the literature of chemistry, including scientific papers, patents, and books, and the methods used to search, retrieve, and analyze that literature.
  • Chemical modification: The process of altering the chemical properties of a compound or material, often through chemical reactions or physical treatments.
  • Chemical process control: The use of control systems to optimize the performance of chemical processes and equipment.
  • Chemical process design: The development of new processes and equipment for the production of chemicals and related products.
  • Chemical process simulation: The use of computer simulations to model and optimize the performance of chemical processes and equipment.
  • Chemical Safety: The study of how to handle and use chemicals safely, including the identification and control of hazards, and the management of chemical emergencies.
  • Chemical safety: The study of the hazards associated with chemicals and the methods used to mitigate those hazards.
  • Chemical sensors: The design and development of devices that can detect and measure chemicals, including electronic sensors, optical sensors, and biosensors.
  • Chemical separation: The process of separating a mixture of chemical compounds based on their physical and chemical properties, including techniques such as distillation, extraction, and chromatography.
  • Chemical synthesis: The process of creating new chemical compounds and materials through a series of chemical reactions.
  • Chemical thermodynamics: The study of the relationships between heat, energy, and work in chemical reactions.
  • Chemical toxicology: The study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms.
  • Chemical warfare agents: The chemicals used as weapons of war, including toxins, nerve agents and blister agents
  • Chemical warfare: The use of chemicals as weapons of war, including the development, production, and use of chemical weapons.
  • Cheminformatics: The use of computer science, mathematics, and chemistry to store, retrieve, and analyze chemical and biological data.
  • Chromatographic separation: A process used to separate a mixture of compounds by passing it through a stationary phase, such as a solid or liquid, and a mobile phase, such as a gas or liquid.
  • Chromatography: A separation technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture.
  • Chromatography: A technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture by passing them through a column or a sheet containing a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
  • Chromatography: A technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture.
  • Chromatography: The separation of a mixture of chemical compounds based on their physical and chemical properties, including techniques such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and ion chromatography.
  • Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS): A technique that combines the principles of chromatography and mass spectrometry to separate and identify the components of a mixture.
  • Chromogenic assay: A technique used to measure the amount of a specific molecule or enzyme by observing the color change of a specific substrate.
  • Colloid chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of colloidal systems, which are systems made up of particles that are intermediate in size between those of a true solution and those of a suspension.
  • Colloid: A type of mixture in which one substance is dispersed in another in small particles.
  • Combinatorial chemistry: The use of a large number of variations of a chemical reaction or compound in parallel, to quickly identify new compounds with desired properties.
  • Compound: A substance made up of two or more different elements chemically combined.
  • Computational chemistry: The use of computer simulations and modeling to study the properties and behavior of molecules and materials.
  • Computational chemistry: The use of computer simulations to study the properties and behavior of molecules.
  • Coordination chemistry: The study of the behavior of coordination compounds, which are compounds that contain a metal ion bonded to a group of molecules or ions called ligands.
  • Corrosion: The process of a metal being attacked by its environment.
  • Cosmetics chemistry: The study of the chemical properties and behavior of compounds used in personal care products.
  • Cosmetics chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of ingredients and products used in the cosmetics industry.
  • Covalent bond: A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Crystallography: The study of the structures of crystals and the arrangement of atoms in them.
  • Deposition: The process of changing a gas directly into a solid, without passing through the liquid state.
  • Desorption: The process of a substance coming off the surface of another substance.
  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): A technique that measures the heat flow of a substance as a function of temperature.
  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): A technique used to measure the heat flow of a substance as a function of temperature.
  • Dilution: The process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent.
  • Distillation: A process used to separate a mixture of liquids based on their different boiling points.
  • Electroanalytical chemistry: The study of the electrochemical behavior of molecules and materials, including techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.
  • Electrocatalysis: The study of how catalysts affect the rate of electrochemical reactions.
  • Electrochemistry: The study of the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions, including the behavior of electrons in chemical reactions and the use of electrical energy to drive chemical reactions.
  • Electrochemistry: The study of the relationships between electricity and chemical reactions.
  • Electrolysis: The process of using electricity to cause a chemical reaction, typically the decomposition of a compound.
  • Electrolyte: A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water or molten.
  • Electron microscopy: A technique that uses a beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images of the internal and external structure of a material.
  • Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy: A technique used to study the properties of paramagnetic materials by measuring the absorption of microwave radiation by the electrons in the material.
  • Electrophoresis: A separation technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture by passing them through an electric field.
  • Electrophoresis: The process of using an electric field to separate charged particles in a solution.
  • Emulsion: A type of mixture in which one liquid is dispersed in another in small droplets.
  • Energy storage and conversion: The study of the storage and conversion of energy, including batteries and fuel cells.
  • Enthalpy: The heat content of a system.
  • Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
  • Environmental analytical chemistry: The application of analytical techniques to the study of environmental samples such as air, water, and soil.
  • Environmental analytical chemistry: The study of the detection and measurement of pollutants and other contaminants in the environment.
  • Environmental biochemistry: The study of the chemical reactions and processes that occur in the environment and how they are influenced by human activities.
  • Environmental chemistry: The study of the behavior and impact of chemicals in the environment.
  • Environmental chemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in the environment and how they are affected by human activities.
  • Environmental toxicology: The study of the harmful effects of pollutants on the environment.
  • Enzyme: A protein that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction in a living organism.
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A technique used to measure the amount of a specific protein or other biomolecule in a sample by using antibodies that specifically bind to that molecule.
  • Ester: A compound formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
  • Ether: A compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
  • Filtration: A process used to separate a mixture of solids and liquids by passing it through a filter.
  • Flow chemistry: The study of chemical reactions that are carried out in a continuous flow rather than in batch form.
  • Flow cytometry: A technique used to measure the properties of individual cells in a sample by passing them through a laser beam and measuring the light scattered or emitted by the cells.
  • Fluorescence spectroscopy: A technique used to study the properties of molecules by measuring the emission of light after excitation by a specific wavelength.
  • Food chemistry: The study of the chemical composition and behavior of food and food ingredients.
  • Food chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of ingredients and products used in the food industry.
  • Forensic chemistry: The application of chemistry to the investigation of crime.
  • Forensics chemistry: The application of chemistry and other sciences to criminal investigations and legal proceedings.
  • Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: A technique that uses infrared radiation to study the vibrations of chemical bonds in a sample.
  • Fuel chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of fuels, including the production and use of alternative fuels such as biofuels and hydrogen.
  • Gas chromatography (GC): A technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture of gases or volatile liquids by passing them through a column containing a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
  • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS): A technique that separates and identifies the components of a mixture of gases or volatile liquids.
  • Gel electrophoresis: A technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins by passing them through a gel in an electric field.
  • Geochemistry: The study of the chemical composition and behavior of the Earth’s crust and its fluids.
  • Geochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in the Earth’s crust and how they are affected by geological processes.
  • Glass and ceramics: The study of the properties and behavior of glass and ceramic materials, including the design and synthesis of new glass and ceramic materials.
  • Green chemistry: The application of chemical principles to the design of processes and products that minimize the use of hazardous materials and reduce the generation of waste.
  • Green chemistry: The study of the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.
  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): A technique that separates and analyzes the components of a mixture of liquids by passing them through a column containing a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): A technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture of liquids by passing them through a column containing a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
  • Hydrocarbons: Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • Imaging techniques: Techniques used to produce images of the internal structure of an object such as X-ray, MRI, and ultrasound.
  • Immunoassay: A technique used to measure the amount of a specific protein or other biomolecule in a sample by using antibodies that specifically bind to that molecule.
  • Immunochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in the immune system and how they relate to the body’s defense against disease.
  • Industrial chemistry: The application of chemical knowledge and techniques to the production of chemicals and other materials on a large scale.
  • Industrial chemistry: The application of chemistry to the production of industrial products such as fuels, plastics, and chemicals.
  • Infrared spectroscopy: A technique used to identify and study the properties of molecules by measuring the absorption of infrared radiation.
  • Inorganic chemistry: The study of compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen.
  • Inorganic chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds, including metals, nonmetals, and their compounds.
  • Inorganic materials chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of inorganic materials, including ceramics, semiconductors, and metal alloys.
  • Ion: An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge.
  • Ionic bond: A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
  • Isomers: Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
  • Kinetic study: Study of the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
  • Kinetics: The study of the rate of chemical reactions.
  • Kinetics: The study of the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions.
  • Laser spectroscopy: A technique used to study the properties of molecules by measuring the absorption or emission of light at specific wavelengths.
  • Le Chatelier’s principle: The principle that states that when a system is at equilibrium, any change in concentration, temperature, or pressure will shift the equilibrium in a direction that counteracts the change.
  • Lipids: A diverse group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, steroids, and certain natural oils.
  • Macromolecular science: The study of the properties and behavior of large molecules, including polymers, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • Marine chemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in the ocean and how they are affected by oceanographic processes.
  • Mass spectrometry: A technique used to identify and quantify the components of a mixture by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
  • Mass spectrometry: The study of the properties and behavior of ions, including techniques such as time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI).
  • Material analytical chemistry: The application of analytical techniques to the study of materials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers.
  • Materials chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of materials, including polymers, ceramics, and metals, and the design of new materials with specific properties.
  • Materials science: The study of the properties and behavior of materials, including polymers, ceramics, and metals, and the design of new materials with specific properties.
  • Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry: A technique that uses a laser to ionize and analyze large biomolecules such as proteins and peptides.
  • Medical biochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in the body and how they relate to health and disease.
  • Medicinal chemistry: The application of chemical principles to the design and synthesis of drugs.
  • Medicinal chemistry: The study of the design, synthesis, and development of new drugs.
  • Medicinal chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of drugs and other medicinal compounds.
  • Metabolomics: The study of the chemical compounds present in biological samples such as blood and urine, in order to understand the metabolic state of an organism.
  • Metallurgy: The study of the properties and behavior of metals and the techniques used to extract and process them.
  • Microscale and nanoscale chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of molecules and materials at the microscale and nanoscale level.
  • Microscopy: A technique used to produce high-resolution images of the internal and external structure of a material.
  • Microscopy: The study of the properties and behavior of materials at a very small scale, including techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  • Molarity: A measure of the concentration of a solution, equal to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
  • Molecule: A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
  • Nanochemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of materials at the nanometer scale.
  • Nanotechnology: The study of the properties and behavior of materials at the nanometer scale.
  • Natural products chemistry: The study of the chemical compounds produced by living organisms, including the isolation and characterization of these compounds.
  • Neutron scattering: A technique used to study the properties of materials by measuring the scattering of neutrons.
  • Normality: A measure of the concentration of a solution, equal to the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution.
  • Nuclear analytical chemistry: The application of analytical techniques to the study of nuclear materials and processes.
  • Nuclear chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of atomic nuclei and the interactions between them.
  • Nuclear chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of the nuclei of atoms, including radioactive decay and nuclear reactions.
  • Nuclear fission: The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei and the release of a large amount of energy.
  • Nuclear fusion: The process of combining two or more lighter nuclei into a heavier nucleus and the release of a large amount of energy.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: A technique that uses magnetic fields to study the structure and properties of molecules.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: A technique used to study the structure and properties of molecules by measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the nuclei in the molecule.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): A technique used to study the structure and properties of molecules by measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by nuclei.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR): A technique used to study the structure and properties of molecules by measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by nuclei.
  • Nuclear medicine: the branch of medicine that uses radioactive isotopes and other imaging techniques to diagnose and treat disease.
  • Nucleic acids: The building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of chains of nucleotides.
  • Organic chemistry: The study of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, including those found in living organisms.
  • Organic chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
  • Organic materials chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of organic materials, including polymers, dyes, and semiconductors.
  • Organic synthesis: The design, development, and execution of chemical reactions to create complex organic molecules.
  • Oxidation: The process of losing electrons by an atom, molecule or ion.
  • Peptides: Short chains of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds.
  • Petroleum chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of crude oil, natural gas, and other hydrocarbons.
  • pH: A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, with a pH of 7 being neutral, less than 7 acidic and greater than 7 basic.
  • Pharmaceutical analytical chemistry: The application of analytical techniques to the study of drugs and other medical compounds.
  • Pharmaceutical biochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in the body and how they are influenced by drugs.
  • Pharmaceutical chemistry: The study of the chemical properties and behavior of drugs and other medical compounds.
  • Pharmaceutical chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of drugs and other medicinal compounds.
  • Pharmacodynamics: The study of how drugs interact with the body to produce their effects.
  • Pharmacokinetics: The study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.
  • Photocatalysis: The study of how catalysts affect the rate of photochemical reactions.
  • Photochemistry: The study of chemical reactions that are triggered by light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Photochemistry: The study of the chemical effects of light.
  • Photonics: The study of the interactions between light and matter, including the use of light for communication and sensing.
  • Photophysics: The study of the interactions between light and matter, including the absorption, scattering, and emission of light.
  • Physical chemistry: The study of the physical properties and behavior of matter, including thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum mechanics.
  • Physical chemistry: The study of the physical properties of matter and the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions.
  • Physical Organic chemistry: Study of the physical properties of organic compounds and how they relate to chemical reactivity and mechanism
  • Physical organic chemistry: The study of the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds, including the study of reaction mechanisms and stereochemistry.
  • Polarimetry: A technique that measures the polarization of light, which can be used to study the properties of optically active compounds.
  • Polymer chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of polymers, including the synthesis and characterization of these materials.
  • Polymer chemistry: The study of the properties, synthesis and characterization of polymers, which are large molecules made up of repeating units.
  • Polymer: A large molecule made up of repeating units called monomers.
  • Process chemistry: The application of chemical knowledge and techniques to the design, development and optimization of chemical processes.
  • Process chemistry: The study of the chemical reactions that are used in industrial processes, including the development of new synthetic methods and the optimization of existing processes.
  • Product: A substance produced by a chemical reaction.
  • Proteins: Complex molecules made up of long chains of amino acids, folded into specific shapes.
  • Proteomics: The study of the proteins present in a biological sample, including their structure, function, and interactions.
  • Quantum chemistry: The study of the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level.
  • Quantum chemistry: The study of the electronic structure and properties of atoms and molecules using quantum mechanical models.
  • Quantum chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and molecular level using quantum mechanical principles.
  • Quantum mechanics: A branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level using quantum mechanical principles.
  • Radiochemistry: The study of the behavior of radioisotopes, which are isotopes that are radioactive.
  • Raman spectroscopy: A technique used to study the vibrational, rotational and other low-frequency modes in a system.
  • Raman spectroscopy: A technique used to study the vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system by measuring the inelastic scattering of light.
  • Rate of reaction: The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs.
  • Reactant: A substance that takes part in a chemical reaction.
  • Reduction: The process of gaining electrons by an atom, molecule or ion.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): A technique that uses a beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images of the surface of a material.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): A technique used to produce high-resolution images of the surface of a material by scanning it with a beam of electrons.
  • Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS): A technique used to study the composition of a material by measuring the mass and number of ions emitted from the surface of a sample when it is bombarded with a beam of high-energy ions.
  • Solubility: The amount of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.
  • Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.
  • Solution: A mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another.
  • Solvent: The substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.
  • Spectrophotometry: A technique used to measure the absorbance, reflectance, or transmittance of a substance at different wavelengths of light.
  • Spectroscopy: A technique used to identify and study the properties of molecules by measuring the absorption, emission, or scattering of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Spectroscopy: The study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, including techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR).
  • Spectroscopy: The study of the interaction of matter and electromagnetic radiation, used to identify and study the properties of matter.
  • Sublimation: The process of changing a solid directly into a gas, without passing through the liquid state.
  • Supramolecular chemistry: The study of the interactions between individual molecules and the formation of larger structures.
  • Supramolecular chemistry: The study of the interactions between molecules, including the formation of complex structures and the properties of these structures.
  • Surface chemistry: The study of the behavior and properties of the surfaces of solids and liquids.
  • Surface plasmon resonance (SPR): A technique that uses the interaction between light and a metal surface to study the properties of molecules adsorbed on the surface.
  • Surface science: The study of the properties and behavior of surfaces and interfaces, including the interactions between different materials and the adsorption of molecules on surfaces.
  • Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): A technique that uses a metal surface to enhance the Raman scattering of light and study the properties of molecules adsorbed on the surface.
  • Suspension: A type of mixture in which the particles are large enough to settle out over time.
  • Sustainable chemistry: The application of chemical principles to the design of processes and products that minimize the use of hazardous materials and reduce the generation of waste.
  • Synchrotron radiation: A technique used to study the properties of materials by measuring the X-rays emitted by a synchrotron.
  • Synthetic chemistry: The design and synthesis of new chemical compounds and materials.
  • Synthetic organic chemistry: The study of the synthesis of organic compounds, including the design and execution of organic reactions.
  • Systems chemistry: The study of chemical systems that are composed of multiple interacting components, including the study of complex networks of chemical reactions.
  • Theoretical chemistry: The application of mathematical and computational methods to the study of chemical systems.
  • Theoretical chemistry: The use of mathematical models and computational methods to study the properties and behavior of molecules and materials.
  • Thermal analysis: A technique used to measure the thermal properties of a substance such as heat capacity, thermal expansion, and thermal stability.
  • Thermochemistry: The study of the heat energy associated with chemical reactions.
  • Thermochemistry: The study of the relationship between heat and chemical reactions, including techniques such as calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
  • Thermodynamic study: Study of the amount of energy involved in a chemical reaction.
  • Thermodynamics: The study of the energy and entropy of chemical reactions.
  • Thermodynamics: The study of the relationships between heat, energy, and work in chemical reactions.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): A technique that measures the weight change of a substance as a function of temperature.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): A technique used to measure the weight change of a substance as a function of temperature.
  • Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS): A technique that separates and identifies the components of a mixture by measuring the time it takes for ions to travel a specific distance in an electric or magnetic field.
  • Total synthesis: The complete synthesis of a complex natural product from simple starting materials.
  • Toxicology: The study of the effects of toxic substances on living organisms.
  • Transition metal chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of transition metal compounds, including their electronic structures, reactivity, and coordination chemistry.
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): A technique that uses a beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images of the internal structure of a material.
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): A technique used to produce high-resolution images of the internal structure of a material by transmitting a beam of electrons through it.
  • Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy: A technique used to study the properties of molecules by measuring the absorption or transmission of ultraviolet or visible light.
  • X-ray crystallography: A technique used to determine the three-dimensional structure of a crystal by measuring the diffraction of X-rays.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD): A technique that uses X-rays to determine the crystal structure of a material.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD): A technique that uses X-rays to study the crystal structure of a material.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD): A technique used to determine the crystal structure of a material by measuring the diffraction of X-rays.
  • X-ray fluorescence (XRF): A technique that uses X-rays to identify and quantify the elements present in a sample.
  • X-ray fluorescence (XRF): A technique used to identify and quantify the elements present in a sample by measuring the X-ray fluorescence emitted by the sample when it is irradiated with X-rays.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): A technique used to study the electronic structure of a material by measuring the energy and number of electrons emitted from the surface of a sample when it is irradiated with X-rays.