🔒 VPN (Virtual Private Network) | SolveForce – SolveForce Unified Intelligence

Quick Links — Transport & Security: VPN · IP Transit · Point-to-Point · Ethernet Transport · Fiber Internet (DIA) · MPLS · SD-WAN · Zero Trust Framework International · Data Centers

Introduction

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) creates an encrypted, private tunnel over public or private underlays so sites, users, apps, and clouds can exchange data securely and reliably. Unlike best-effort Internet access, a SolveForce-engineered VPN is policy-driven, identity-aware, and performance-tuned—spanning branch offices, campuses, data centers, clouds, and remote users across intra-city, intra-state, state-to-state, nationwide, and international footprints.

SolveForce designs, delivers, and operates VPN fabrics over Fiber DIA, Ethernet transport, IP Transit, MPLS, 5G wireless, and satellite—and integrates them with SD-WAN and Zero Trust so your network is secure by default and resilient everywhere.

I. VPN Types (and When to Use Them)

1) Site-to-Site IPsec VPN (IKEv2 / Route-Based)

Use cases: Branch↔HQ, DC↔DC, DC↔Cloud (AWS/Azure/GCP).
Why: Hardware offload, high throughput, dynamic routing (BGP/OSPF), HA (active/active).
Crypto: AES-256-GCM, SHA-2, PFS (DH/ECDH), ECDSA certs.

2) SSL/TLS VPN (Client or Clientless)

Use cases: Remote workforce, third-party access, application portals.
Why: Browser-based or lightweight agent, granular app publishing, fast rollout.
Auth: SAML/OIDC SSO + MFA; posture checks before session starts.

3) WireGuard® / Modern UDP VPN

Use cases: High-performance, low-overhead tunnels on 5G/CGNAT; IoT gateways.
Why: Minimal handshake, small codebase, roaming-friendly; great on constrained links.

4) Cloud VPN (Native Gateways)

Use cases: VPC/VNet ↔ on-prem; cloud-to-cloud.
Why: Quick to provision, tightly integrated with cloud routing and security groups.

5) Policy- vs Route-Based Models

Route-based (virtual tunnel interfaces) for scale, dynamic routing, HA.
Policy-based for small, static environments (migrate to route-based as you grow).

II. Architecture & Topologies

A) Hub-and-Spoke

Central hubs in carrier-neutral data centers or cloud regions.
Great for inspection, logging, and policy control in one place.

B) Dual-Hub / Regional Hubs

Hubs in East/West (nationwide) and EMEA/APAC/AMER (international) for low RTT.
Automatic failover and traffic localization.

C) Full-Mesh / Partial-Mesh

Low-latency east-west paths for DCI, HPC, replication, or trading.

D) Cloud-Hub

Cloud as the aggregation core with Direct Connect/ExpressRoute/Interconnect plus IPsec/WireGuard edges.

III. Performance Engineering (So It Feels Like a LAN)

Crypto Offload: AES-NI/QAT hardware acceleration on CPE and headends.
DPD/NAT-T: Dead Peer Detection; NAT Traversal for 5G/CGNAT and hotel ISP quirkiness.
MTU/MSS Tuning: Avoid fragmentation; set proper MSS on tunnels.
QoS/CoS: Prioritize voice/video (EF), mark and police at edges; align with MPLS CoS.
Path Diversity: Dual ISPs (fiber + 5G/satellite) with SLA-based steering.
Dynamic Routing: eBGP/iBGP, OSPF; graceful convergence and fast-failover.
Observability: Per-tunnel latency/jitter/loss/throughput; alert on rekeys and flap.

IV. Security Controls (Beyond “Just a Tunnel”)

Strong Crypto: AES-256-GCM, ECDH (P-256/384), PFS, short-lived certs.
Identity-Aware Access: SSO (SAML/OIDC), MFA; device posture (EDR/XDR, disk encryption).
Segmentation: Macro-segments (user/BU/zone) + micro-segments (app-level allow-lists).
ZTNA Ready: Layer VPN under Zero Trust so access is least-privilege per session.
Logging & Audit: Centralize to SIEM; automate incident workflows (SOAR).

V. How VPN Interlocks with Other SolveForce Services

With SD-WAN: SD-WAN uses multiple VPN overlays (IPsec/WireGuard) and steers apps to the best underlay (Fiber, MPLS, 5G, satellite).
With MPLS: Keep deterministic paths on MPLS; run IPsec on top for unified telemetry and encryption.
With IP Transit: Dedicated Internet backbone access for global reach and BGP control.
With Ethernet Transport / P2P: Use EPL/EVPL or Wavelengths for high-capacity DC↔DC tunnels.
With Fiber DIA: Symmetrical, low-latency underlay for high-throughput VPN.
With 5G & Satellite: Seamless failover/primary in rural/remote sites (99%+ pop coverage with 5G; GEO/MEO/LEO fill the gaps).
With Voice (VoIP/UCaaS): QoS-aware VPN paths preserve MOS and minimize jitter.

VI. Throughput & Capacity Tiers

Headend/CPE aggregate capacity; actual numbers depend on hardware, cipher, and packet sizes. SolveForce sizes with margin for growth.

Tier	Aggregate Encrypted Throughput	Typical Scope
Edge-Lite	100–500 Mbps	Small branch, retail, pop-up sites
Edge-Pro	1–5 Gbps	Medium sites, regional hubs
Core-10G	10 Gbps	Data center headends, cloud hubs
Core-40/100G	40–100 Gbps	Metro cores, large enterprise hubs
Hyperscale	100–1000 Gbps (1 Tbps)	Multi-headend fabrics for AI/ML, global WANs

VII. Coverage & Reach

Intra-City (Metro): Branch↔HQ↔DC with low RTT.
Intra-State / State-to-State: Resilient regional backbones with dual carriers.
Nationwide: Coast-to-coast overlays across fiber, Ethernet, IP Transit, 5G, satellite.
International: Regional hubs + subsea paths; policy localized, identity global.

VIII. Use Cases

Enterprise WAN: Secure branch↔HQ, DC↔Cloud, partner extranets.
Remote Workforce: Client VPN with SSO/MFA + posture gates.
DCI & Replication: High-throughput, low-jitter encrypted tunnels.
M&A Integration: Fast, secure interconnect before network consolidation.
Regulated Workloads: HIPAA/PCI/SOC2/ISO; auditable access and encryption.

IX. Migration & Hybrid Strategy (Step-by-Step)

Baseline: Inventory sites, underlays (Fiber/MPLS/5G/SAT), routes, and flows.
Design: Choose hub count/regions, crypto profile, routing, and segments.
Pilot: Stand up one hub + a few spokes; validate performance and UX.
Rollout: Wave-based cutovers; dual-run legacy until confidence is high.
Optimize: Tune MTU/MSS, QoS, and rekey intervals; enable ZTNA per app.
Operate: SIEM/SOAR integration, SLOs (tunnel uptime, rekey health), and quarterly segment reviews.

X. Why SolveForce

Everywhere Coverage: Fiber + 5G (≈99% pop) + Satellite to reach any site.
Performance-Led: Crypto offload, diverse underlays, dynamic routing.
Security-First: Identity, posture, segmentation, ZTNA—by design.
Scalable: From single-site to multi-Tbps global fabrics.
One Partner: Design, carriers, hardware, cloud, and NOC—unified.

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