Classified information is categorized into different levels of classification based on the degree of sensitivity, potential impact, and access restrictions. The levels of classification vary by country, but the following are commonly used in the United States:
- Top Secret: This is the highest level of classification. Top Secret information is highly sensitive and its unauthorized disclosure could cause exceptionally grave damage to national security. Only individuals with a Top Secret security clearance and a “need-to-know” are granted access.
- Secret: Secret information is also sensitive but its unauthorized disclosure could cause serious damage to national security. Individuals with a Secret clearance and a “need-to-know” can access this level of information.
- Confidential: Confidential information is the lowest level of classified information. Its unauthorized disclosure could cause damage to national security. Individuals with a Confidential clearance and a “need-to-know” can access this information.
In addition to these basic levels, some classified information may have additional caveats or compartmentalizations, which further restrict access to specific groups or individuals. These may include:
- Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI): SCI is a subset of classified information that requires additional access controls. It involves information from multiple sources that, when combined, provides a more comprehensive picture and requires a special security clearance.
- Special Access Programs (SAPs): These are highly classified programs that require a higher level of security clearance beyond Top Secret. Access to SAPs is limited to individuals who have been specifically granted access.
- Code Word: This is a specialized type of classified information that requires knowledge of a specific code word to access. Code words are often used in conjunction with SCI or SAPs.
The classification levels ensure that access to sensitive information is granted only to those who have the appropriate level of clearance and a legitimate reason to access it. These levels help protect national security by preventing unauthorized access and disclosure of information that could potentially harm a country’s interests.