Definition: End device nodes, often simply called hosts, are devices in a network that serve as starting or endpoint destinations for data transmissions. They generate or consume data but do not typically forward data meant for other devices on the network.

Examples:

  • Computers (Desktops & Laptops): Used for a myriad of tasks, from word processing to web browsing.
  • Smartphones & Tablets: Portable devices primarily for personal use, accessing the internet, apps, and media.
  • Servers: High-capacity computers designed to store data and manage network resources. They can be file servers, web servers, email servers, etc.
  • Printers & Scanners: Devices that produce hard copy output or digitize documents.
  • Smart Devices & IoT (Internet of Things): Devices such as smart thermostats, smart fridges, or any other connected device that can communicate over the network.

Functions:

  • Data Generation: E.g., creating a document or recording a video.
  • Data Consumption: E.g., watching a video or downloading a file.
  • Data Storage: E.g., saving files on a computer or server.
  • Request Services: E.g., a computer requesting a web page from a server.
  • Provide Services: E.g., a server providing web pages or files upon request.

Addressing:

  • Each end device on a network typically has a unique address to identify it. In IP networks, this address is the IP address, and in Ethernet networks, it’s the MAC address.

Communication Modes:

  • Unicast: One-to-one communication between the source and destination host.
  • Multicast: One-to-many communication where data is sent from one host to multiple specified hosts.
  • Broadcast: One-to-all communication in which data is sent from one host to all hosts in the network segment.

User Interface: End devices usually offer interfaces for users to interact with the network, such as web browsers, email clients, and application software.

Conclusion:
End device nodes or hosts are crucial components of any network. They are the primary reasons networks exist, facilitating users and applications to generate, consume, store, and share data.