| Element | Domain/Context | Class | Formula/Composition | Immediate role | Upstream inputs | Downstream outputs | Material Class | Functional Property |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scandium (Sc) | Geology/Industry | Rare earth metal | Atomic no. 21 | Aerospace alloys, fuel cells | Mining (thortveitite, uranium ores) | Sc–Al alloys, fuel cell components | Solid (metallic) | High strength-to-weight ratio |
| Yttrium (Y) | Geology/Industry | Rare earth metal | Atomic no. 39 | LEDs, superconductors | Mining (xenotime, monazite) | YAG lasers, phosphors | Solid (metallic) | High-temperature stability |
| Lanthanum (La) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 57 | Battery electrodes, catalysts | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | NiMH batteries, optical glass | Solid (metallic) | Hydrogen storage, optical enhancement |
| Cerium (Ce) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 58 | Catalytic converters, glass polishing | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | CeO₂ catalysts, glass | Solid (metallic) | Oxygen storage capacity |
| Praseodymium (Pr) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 59 | Magnets, lasers | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | Nd–Pr–Fe–B magnets, optical materials | Solid (metallic) | Magnetic & optical properties |
| Neodymium (Nd) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 60 | High-strength magnets | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | Nd–Fe–B magnets, lasers | Solid (metallic) | Strong permanent magnetism |
| Promethium (Pm) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide (radioactive) | Atomic no. 61 | Nuclear batteries, luminous paint | Nuclear reactor byproduct | Pm phosphors, RTGs | Solid (metallic) | Beta radiation source |
| Samarium (Sm) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 62 | Magnets, nuclear control rods | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | Sm–Co magnets, neutron absorbers | Solid (metallic) | High-temperature magnetism |
| Europium (Eu) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 63 | Phosphors in displays | Mining (bastnäsite, monazite) | Red/blue phosphors, anti-counterfeit ink | Solid (metallic) | Luminescent activator |
| Gadolinium (Gd) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 64 | MRI contrast agents, neutron shielding | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | MRI contrast media, alloys | Solid (metallic) | High neutron cross-section; paramagnetism |
| Terbium (Tb) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 65 | Green phosphors, fuel cells | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | Phosphors, solid oxide fuel cells | Solid (metallic) | Luminescent and magnetic |
| Dysprosium (Dy) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 66 | High-temp magnets, lasers | Mining (xenotime, monazite) | Dy–Nd–Fe–B magnets | Solid (metallic) | Maintains magnetism at high temperatures |
| Holmium (Ho) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 67 | Laser media, magnets | Mining (monazite, bastnäsite) | Ho:YAG lasers | Solid (metallic) | High magnetic moment |
| Erbium (Er) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 68 | Optical amplifiers, lasers | Mining (monazite, xenotime) | Er-doped fiber amplifiers | Solid (metallic) | Infrared emission |
| Thulium (Tm) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 69 | Lasers, portable X-ray devices | Mining (monazite) | Tm lasers, X-ray phosphors | Solid (metallic) | Soft X-ray source |
| Ytterbium (Yb) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 70 | Fiber lasers, stress gauges | Mining (xenotime, monazite) | Yb-doped laser materials | Solid (metallic) | Infrared laser gain medium |
| Lutetium (Lu) | Geology/Industry | Lanthanide | Atomic no. 71 | PET scan detectors, catalysts | Mining (xenotime, monazite) | Lu-based scintillators, catalysts | Solid (metallic) | High density; radiation detection |
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