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Z = 101 — Mendelevium (Md)
- I: research isotope only; nuclear structure studies.
- M: picogram/µg production; no commercial market.
- C: Human (lab science), Q (nuclear data).
- S: Γ: 269 keV (²⁵⁸Md) · Kα: theor. only.
- Cir: research loop; closed-lab use only.
Z = 102 — Nobelium (No)
- I: nuclear physics research.
- M: no commercial trade.
- C: Human (fundamental research).
- S: Γ: 347 keV (²⁵⁹No) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none — research isotope.
Z = 103 — Lawrencium (Lr)
- I: boundary of actinides; atomic structure studies.
- M: research-only.
- C: Human (lab-to-lab science).
- S: Γ: 251 keV (²⁶⁶Lr) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none — research isotope.
Z = 104 — Rutherfordium (Rf)
- I: group-4 analog; studied for chem/physics trends.
- M: synthetic, short-lived.
- C: Human (IUPAC definition), Opt (simulants in labs).
- S: Γ: 298 keV (²⁶⁷Rf) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none — research use.
Z = 105 — Dubnium (Db)
- I: group-5 analog; research-only.
- M: synthetic, atom-scale.
- C: Human (lab protocols).
- S: Γ: 346 keV (²⁶⁸Db) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 106 — Seaborgium (Sg)
- I: group-6 analog; nuclear decay chains.
- M: no market.
- C: Human (naming heritage), Fiber (data logs).
- S: Γ: 327 keV (²⁷¹Sg) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 107 — Bohrium (Bh)
- I: group-7 analog; lab creation only.
- M: synthetic.
- C: Human (research networks).
- S: Γ: 347 keV (²⁷³Bh) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 108 — Hassium (Hs)
- I: noble-metal analog; studied for superheavy decay.
- M: none — research only.
- C: Human (collaboration).
- S: Γ: 350 keV (²⁷⁰Hs) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 109 — Meitnerium (Mt)
- I: group-9 analog (like Ir); nuclear research.
- M: no economy.
- C: Human (theory communication).
- S: Γ: 344 keV (²⁷⁸Mt) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 110 — Darmstadtium (Ds)
- I: Pt-group analog; nuclear structure.
- M: none — atom-scale.
- C: Human (research).
- S: Γ: 348 keV (²⁸¹Ds) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 111 — Roentgenium (Rg)
- I: Au analog; tested for chemical properties.
- M: no market.
- C: Human (symbolic: Roentgen, X-ray legacy).
- S: Γ: 350 keV (²⁸²Rg) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 112 — Copernicium (Cn)
- I: Hg analog; volatile metal predictions.
- M: none.
- C: Human (astro-link: Copernicus).
- S: Γ: 356 keV (²⁸⁵Cn) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 113 — Nihonium (Nh)
- I: Tl analog; studied for stability/islands.
- M: none.
- C: Human (Japanese labs, naming legacy).
- S: Γ: 360 keV (²⁸⁶Nh) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 114 — Flerovium (Fl)
- I: Pb analog; volatile metal research.
- M: none.
- C: Human (Russian labs, naming).
- S: Γ: 365 keV (²⁸⁹Fl) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 115 — Moscovium (Mc)
- I: Bi analog; synthetic, very short-lived.
- M: none.
- C: Human (lab collab).
- S: Γ: 370 keV (²⁹⁰Mc) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 116 — Livermorium (Lv)
- I: Po analog; superheavy research.
- M: none.
- C: Human (Livermore–Dubna collab).
- S: Γ: 375 keV (²⁹³Lv) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 117 — Tennessine (Ts)
- I: halogen analog; studied for superheavy shell effects.
- M: none.
- C: Human (US–Russia lab collaboration).
- S: Γ: 380 keV (²⁹⁴Ts) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none.
Z = 118 — Oganesson (Og)
- I: noble gas analog; predicted relativistic effects, “quasi-metallic” behavior.
- M: none — purely research.
- C: Human (symbolic: Oganessian’s legacy, collaborative science).
- S: Γ: 385 keV (²⁹⁴Og, ~0.89 ms) · Kα: theor.
- Cir: none — last of current periodic table.