Complete Periodic Table — Fully Populated (118

Overview

Z	Symbol	Name	Category	Block	State	Etymology	Morphemes	Semantic Role	Nuclear Ref	Discovery
1	H	Hydrogen	Reactive nonmetal	s	Gas	Greek ‘hydro’ (water) + ‘gen’ (creator)	Greek	Covalent framework/oxidation states	1H,2H stable; 3H radioactive	1766 Cavendish
2	He	Helium	Noble gas	s	Gas	Greek ‘helios’ (sun)	Greek	Inert/closed shell; lighting/cryogenics	3He,4He stable	1868 Janssen/Lockyer
3	Li	Lithium	Alkali metal	s	Solid	Greek ‘lithos’ (stone)	Greek	Electropositive donor; strong reducing agent	6Li,7Li stable	1817 Arfvedson
4	Be	Beryllium	Alkaline earth metal	s	Solid	From mineral beryl (Greek ‘beryllos’)	From	Divalent structural/catalytic ion	9Be stable	1798 Vauquelin
5	B	Boron	Metalloid	p	Solid	From ‘borax’ (Arabic ‘buraq’ via Persian)	From	Semiconducting border; amphoteric	10B,11B stable	1808 Davy et al.
6	C	Carbon	Reactive nonmetal	p	Solid	Latin ‘carbo’ (coal)	Latin	Covalent framework/oxidation states	12C,13C stable; 14C dating	Ancient
7	N	Nitrogen	Reactive nonmetal	p	Gas	Greek ‘nitron’ + ‘gen’	Greek	Covalent framework/oxidation states	14N,15N stable	1772 Rutherford
8	O	Oxygen	Reactive nonmetal	p	Gas	Greek ‘oxys’ + ‘gen’	Greek	Covalent framework/oxidation states	16O,17O,18O stable	1774 Priestley/Scheele
9	F	Fluorine	Halogen	p	Gas	Latin ‘fluere’ (to flow)	Latin	Salt-forming, highly electronegative oxidizer	19F stable	1886 Moissan
10	Ne	Neon	Noble gas	p	Gas	Greek ‘neos’ (new)	Greek	Inert/closed shell; lighting/cryogenics	20–22Ne stable	1898 Ramsay/Travers
11	Na	Sodium	Alkali metal	s	Solid	From soda; Latin ‘natrium’	From	Electropositive donor; strong reducing agent	Stable isotopes present	1807 Davy
12	Mg	Magnesium	Alkaline earth metal	s	Solid	From Magnesia (Greece)	From	Divalent structural/catalytic ion	Stable isotopes present	1808 Davy
13	Al	Aluminum	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Latin ‘alumen’ (alum)	Latin	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	Stable isotopes present	1825 Ørsted/Wöhler
14	Si	Silicon	Metalloid	p	Solid	Latin ‘silex’ (flint) + -on	Latin	Semiconducting border; amphoteric	Stable isotopes present	1823 Berzelius
15	P	Phosphorus	Reactive nonmetal	p	Solid	Greek ‘phosphoros’ (light-bearer)	Greek	Covalent framework/oxidation states	Stable isotopes present	1669 Brand
16	S	Sulfur	Reactive nonmetal	p	Solid	Latin ‘sulphur’ (brimstone)	Latin	Covalent framework/oxidation states	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
17	Cl	Chlorine	Halogen	p	Gas	Greek ‘chloros’ (green-yellow)	Greek	Salt-forming, highly electronegative oxidizer	Stable isotopes present	1774 Scheele
18	Ar	Argon	Noble gas	p	Gas	Greek ‘argos’ (idle)	Greek	Inert/closed shell; lighting/cryogenics	Stable isotopes present	1894 Ramsay/Strutt
19	K	Potassium	Alkali metal	s	Solid	From potash; Latin ‘kalium’	From	Electropositive donor; strong reducing agent	Stable isotopes present	1807 Davy
20	Ca	Calcium	Alkaline earth metal	s	Solid	Latin ‘calx’ (lime)	Latin	Divalent structural/catalytic ion	Stable isotopes present	1808 Davy
21	Sc	Scandium	Transition metal	d	Solid	From Scandia (Scandinavia)	From	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1879 Nilson
22	Ti	Titanium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Named after the Titans	Named	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1791 Gregor
23	V	Vanadium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Vanadis (Freyja)	Vanadis	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1830 Sefström
24	Cr	Chromium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Greek ‘chroma’ (color)	Greek	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1797 Vauquelin
25	Mn	Manganese	Transition metal	d	Solid	From ‘magnesia nigra’	From	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1774 Gahn
26	Fe	Iron	Transition metal	d	Solid	Latin ‘ferrum’	Latin	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
27	Co	Cobalt	Transition metal	d	Solid	German ‘kobold’ (goblin)	German	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1735 Brandt
28	Ni	Nickel	Transition metal	d	Solid	From ‘kupfernickel’ (false copper)	From	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1751 Cronstedt
29	Cu	Copper	Transition metal	d	Solid	From ‘cuprum’ (Cyprus)	From	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
30	Zn	Zinc	Transition metal	d	Solid	German ‘zinke’ (prong)	German	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
31	Ga	Gallium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Latin ‘Gallia’ (France)	Latin	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	Stable isotopes present	1875 de Boisbaudran
32	Ge	Germanium	Metalloid	p	Solid	Named after Germany	Named	Semiconducting border; amphoteric	Stable isotopes present	1886 Winkler
33	As	Arsenic	Metalloid	p	Solid	Greek ‘arsenikon’ (orpiment)	Greek	Semiconducting border; amphoteric	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
34	Se	Selenium	Reactive nonmetal	p	Solid	Greek ‘selene’ (moon)	Greek	Covalent framework/oxidation states	Stable isotopes present	1817 Berzelius
35	Br	Bromine	Halogen	p	Liquid	Greek ‘bromos’ (stench)	Greek	Salt-forming, highly electronegative oxidizer	Stable isotopes present	1826 Balard
36	Kr	Krypton	Noble gas	p	Gas	Greek ‘kryptos’ (hidden)	Greek	Inert/closed shell; lighting/cryogenics	Stable isotopes present	1898 Ramsay/Travers
37	Rb	Rubidium	Alkali metal	s	Solid	Latin ‘rubidus’ (deep red)	Latin	Electropositive donor; strong reducing agent	Stable isotopes present	1861 Bunsen/Kirchhoff
38	Sr	Strontium	Alkaline earth metal	s	Solid	Strontian (Scotland)	Strontian	Divalent structural/catalytic ion	Stable isotopes present	1790 Crawford
39	Y	Yttrium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Ytterby (Sweden)	Ytterby	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1794 Gadolin
40	Zr	Zirconium	Transition metal	d	Solid	From zircon (Arabic/Persian origin)	From	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1789 Klaproth
41	Nb	Niobium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Niobe (mythology)	Niobe	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1801 Hatchett
42	Mo	Molybdenum	Transition metal	d	Solid	Greek ‘molybdos’ (lead)	Greek	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1778 Scheele
43	Tc	Technetium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Greek ‘technetos’ (artificial)	Greek	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	No stable isotopes	1937 Perrier/Segre
44	Ru	Ruthenium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Ruthenia (Russia)	Ruthenia	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1844 Claus
45	Rh	Rhodium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Greek ‘rhodon’ (rose)	Greek	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1803 Wollaston
46	Pd	Palladium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Asteroid Pallas	Asteroid	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1803 Wollaston
47	Ag	Silver	Transition metal	d	Solid	Latin ‘argentum’	Latin	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
48	Cd	Cadmium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Greek ‘kadmeia’ (calamine)	Greek	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1817 Stromeyer
49	In	Indium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Indigo spectral line	Indigo	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	Stable isotopes present	1863 Reich/Richter
50	Sn	Tin	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Latin ‘stannum’	Latin	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
51	Sb	Antimony	Metalloid	p	Solid	Latin ‘stibium’	Latin	Semiconducting border; amphoteric	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
52	Te	Tellurium	Metalloid	p	Solid	Latin ‘tellus’ (earth)	Latin	Semiconducting border; amphoteric	Stable isotopes present	1782 Müller
53	I	Iodine	Halogen	p	Solid	Greek ‘ioeides’ (violet-like)	Greek	Salt-forming, highly electronegative oxidizer	Stable isotopes present	1811 Courtois
54	Xe	Xenon	Noble gas	p	Gas	Greek ‘xenos’ (strange)	Greek	Inert/closed shell; lighting/cryogenics	Stable isotopes present	1898 Ramsay/Travers
55	Cs	Cesium	Alkali metal	s	Solid	Latin ‘caesius’ (sky-blue)	Latin	Electropositive donor; strong reducing agent	Stable isotopes present	1860 Bunsen/Kirchhoff
56	Ba	Barium	Alkaline earth metal	s	Solid	Greek ‘barys’ (heavy)	Greek	Divalent structural/catalytic ion	Stable isotopes present	1808 Davy
57	La	Lanthanum	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Greek ‘lanthanein’ (to lie hidden)	Greek	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1839 Mosander
58	Ce	Cerium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Ceres (asteroid)	Ceres	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1803 Hisinger/Klaproth
59	Pr	Praseodymium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Greek ‘prasios didymos’ (green twin)	Greek	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1885 von Welsbach
60	Nd	Neodymium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Greek ‘neos didymos’ (new twin)	Greek	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1885 von Welsbach
61	Pm	Promethium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Prometheus (myth)	Prometheus	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	No stable isotopes	1945 (ORNL)
62	Sm	Samarium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	From samarskite mineral	From	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1879 Lecoq
63	Eu	Europium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Europe	Europe	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1901 Demarçay
64	Gd	Gadolinium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Johan Gadolin	Johan	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1880 Marignac
65	Tb	Terbium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Ytterby (Sweden)	Ytterby	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1843 Mosander
66	Dy	Dysprosium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Greek ‘dysprositos’ (hard to get)	Greek	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1886 Lecoq
67	Ho	Holmium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Holmia (Stockholm)	Holmia	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1878 Cleve
68	Er	Erbium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Ytterby (Sweden)	Ytterby	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1842 Mosander
69	Tm	Thulium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Thule (mythic north)	Thule	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1879 Cleve
70	Yb	Ytterbium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Ytterby (Sweden)	Ytterby	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1878 Marignac
71	Lu	Lutetium	Lanthanide	f	Solid	Lutetia (Paris)	Lutetia	4f rare earth; magnetic/optical/phosphor	Stable isotopes present	1907 Urbain
72	Hf	Hafnium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Hafnia (Copenhagen)	Hafnia	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1923 Coster/Hevesy
73	Ta	Tantalum	Transition metal	d	Solid	Tantalus (mythology)	Tantalus	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1802 Ekeberg
74	W	Tungsten	Transition metal	d	Solid	Swedish ‘tung sten’ (heavy stone)	Swedish	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1781–83 Scheele/Elhuyar
75	Re	Rhenium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Rhenus (Rhine)	Rhenus	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1925 Noddack
76	Os	Osmium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Greek ‘osme’ (smell)	Greek	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1803 Tennant
77	Ir	Iridium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Latin ‘iris’ (rainbow)	Latin	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	1803 Tennant
78	Pt	Platinum	Transition metal	d	Solid	Spanish ‘platina’ (little silver)	Spanish	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	18th c.
79	Au	Gold	Transition metal	d	Solid	Latin ‘aurum’	Latin	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
80	Hg	Mercury	Transition metal	d	Liquid	Roman Mercury; Latin ‘hydrargyrum’	Roman	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
81	Tl	Thallium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Greek ‘thallos’ (green shoot)	Greek	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	Stable isotopes present	1861 Crookes
82	Pb	Lead	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Latin ‘plumbum’	Latin	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	Stable isotopes present	Ancient
83	Bi	Bismuth	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	German ‘Wismut’	German	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	Stable isotopes present	18th c.
84	Po	Polonium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Named after Poland	Named	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	No stable isotopes	1898 Curie
85	At	Astatine	Halogen	p	Solid	Greek ‘astatos’ (unstable)	Greek	Salt-forming, highly electronegative oxidizer	No stable isotopes	1940 Corson/MacKenzie/Segrè
86	Rn	Radon	Noble gas	p	Gas	From radium + suffix ‘-on’	From	Inert/closed shell; lighting/cryogenics	No stable isotopes	1900 Dorn
87	Fr	Francium	Alkali metal	s	Solid	Named after France	Named	Electropositive donor; strong reducing agent	No stable isotopes	1939 Perey
88	Ra	Radium	Alkaline earth metal	s	Solid	Latin ‘radius’ (ray)	Latin	Divalent structural/catalytic ion	No stable isotopes	1898 Curie
89	Ac	Actinium	Actinide	f	Solid	Greek ‘aktis’ (ray)	Greek	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1899 Debierne
90	Th	Thorium	Actinide	f	Solid	Norse god Thor	Norse	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1829 Berzelius
91	Pa	Protactinium	Actinide	f	Solid	Greek ‘protos’ (before) + actinium	Greek	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1913 Hahn/Meitner
92	U	Uranium	Actinide	f	Solid	Uranus (planet)	Uranus	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1789 Klaproth
93	Np	Neptunium	Actinide	f	Solid	Neptune (planet)	Neptune	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1940 McMillan/Abelson
94	Pu	Plutonium	Actinide	f	Solid	Pluto (planet)	Pluto	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1940 Seaborg
95	Am	Americium	Actinide	f	Solid	America	America	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1944 Seaborg
96	Cm	Curium	Actinide	f	Solid	Curie (scientists)	Curie	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1944 Seaborg
97	Bk	Berkelium	Actinide	f	Solid	Berkeley (California)	Berkeley	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1949 Seaborg
98	Cf	Californium	Actinide	f	Solid	California	California	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1950 Seaborg
99	Es	Einsteinium	Actinide	f	Solid	Albert Einstein	Albert	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1952 (H-bomb debris)
100	Fm	Fermium	Actinide	f	Solid	Enrico Fermi	Enrico	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1952 (H-bomb debris)
101	Md	Mendelevium	Actinide	f	Solid	Dmitri Mendeleev	Dmitri	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1955 Seaborg
102	No	Nobelium	Actinide	f	Solid	Alfred Nobel	Alfred	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1958 JINR
103	Lr	Lawrencium	Actinide	f	Solid	Ernest Lawrence	Ernest	5f radioactive; nuclear fuel/targets	No stable isotopes	1961 Ghiorso
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	Element	d	Solid	Ernest Rutherford	Ernest	Element	No stable isotopes	1969 Dubna/LLNL
105	Db	Dubnium	Element	d	Solid	Dubna (Russia)	Dubna	Element	No stable isotopes	1967 Dubna
106	Sg	Seaborgium	Element	d	Solid	Glenn Seaborg	Glenn	Element	No stable isotopes	1974 LLNL
107	Bh	Bohrium	Element	d	Solid	Niels Bohr	Niels	Element	No stable isotopes	1981 Darmstadt
108	Hs	Hassium	Element	d	Solid	State of Hesse (Germany)	State	Element	No stable isotopes	1984 Darmstadt
109	Mt	Meitnerium	Element	d	Solid	Lise Meitner	Lise	Element	No stable isotopes	1982 Darmstadt
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	Element	d	Solid	Darmstadt (Germany)	Darmstadt	Element	No stable isotopes	1994 Darmstadt
111	Rg	Roentgenium	Transition metal	d	Solid	Wilhelm Röntgen	Wilhelm	Variable valence catalyst/conductor	No stable isotopes	1994 Darmstadt
112	Cn	Copernicium	Post-transition metal	d	Solid	Nicolaus Copernicus	Nicolaus	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	No stable isotopes	1996 Darmstadt
113	Nh	Nihonium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Japan (Nihon)	Japan	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	No stable isotopes	2003 RIKEN
114	Fl	Flerovium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Flerov Laboratory (Dubna)	Flerov	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	No stable isotopes	1998 Dubna
115	Mc	Moscovium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Moscow (oblast)	Moscow	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	No stable isotopes	2003 Dubna/LLNL
116	Lv	Livermorium	Post-transition metal	p	Solid	Lawrence Livermore	Lawrence	Soft/heavy p-metal; alloys/shielding	No stable isotopes	2000 Dubna/LLNL
117	Ts	Tennessine	Halogen	p	Solid	Tennessee (USA)	Tennessee	Salt-forming, highly electronegative oxidizer	No stable isotopes	2010 JINR/ORNL
118	Og	Oganesson	Noble gas	p	Solid	Yuri Oganessian	Yuri	Inert/closed shell; lighting/cryogenics	No stable isotopes	2002 JINR/LLNL

Codon Synchronization Chapter – SolveForce Communications

Logos Etymon Semantic Elements (118)

Logos Etymon Semantic Table of the Elements

Logos Codex Synchronization: Elements ↔ Codons

Key terms in plain language

Open a term for a concise explanation of language used on this page.

VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol carries phone calls over an IP network instead of a traditional analog phone line. Call quality depends on network stability, latency, and traffic management.

Unified Communications (UCaaS)

A cloud-based combination of business calling, messaging, meetings, presence, and collaboration tools managed as one communications service.

SIP Trunking

A service that connects a business phone system to the public telephone network using Internet Protocol, replacing or supplementing traditional phone lines.

Bandwidth

The amount of data a connection can carry in a given time, usually measured in Mbps or Gbps. More bandwidth supports more users, devices, and simultaneous applications.

Latency

The time it takes data to travel between two points. Lower latency improves voice, video meetings, cloud applications, gaming, and other real-time services.

Service-Level Agreement (SLA)

A provider’s written commitment covering service targets such as availability, response time, repair time, and sometimes financial credits when commitments are missed.