• Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): the use of advanced metering technology, such as smart meters, to provide real-time energy consumption data and enable advanced grid management.
  • Analog circuit design: the design of circuits that operate with continuous signals, such as audio and video signals.
  • Arc flash: a dangerous release of energy caused by an electric arc, which can cause burns, explosions, and fires.
  • Battery energy storage system (BESS): An energy storage system that uses batteries to store energy.
  • Battery energy storage systems (BESS): a system that stores energy using batteries.
  • Bode plot: a graphical representation of the frequency response of a circuit, consisting of a plot of the amplitude and phase as a function of frequency.
  • Branch: a section of a circuit between two nodes or junctions.
  • Building automation systems (BAS): systems that automate the control of building systems, such as lighting, heating, ventilation, and security.
  • Building automation: the use of technology to control and automate the systems in a building, such as lighting, heating, ventilation, and security.
  • Building Commissioning: A process of verifying and documenting that the building systems are designed, installed, functionally tested and capable of being operated and maintained according to the owner’s operational needs.
  • Building energy management system (BEMS): a system that monitors and controls the energy consumption of a building, through the use of sensors, metering devices, and control algorithms.
  • Building envelope: the physical boundary of a building that separates the interior from the exterior, including the roof, walls, and foundation.
  • Building Information Modeling (BIM): the use of digital tools and models to manage and analyze the data of a building throughout its lifecycle, from design to operation.
  • Building management systems (BMS): systems that monitor and control building systems, such as lighting, heating, ventilation, and security.
  • Building Performance Simulation (BPS): the use of computer models to simulate the energy consumption of a building or facility, and identify opportunities for energy savings.
  • Bullet Point List All Kirchhoff’s Current Law: Terminology and Related Definitions.
  • Capacitance: the property of a circuit that stores electrical energy in an electric field, measured in farads (F).
  • Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the capture of carbon dioxide from power plants and other industrial sources, and its storage in underground reservoirs, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Carbon credit: a financial instrument that represents a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which can be bought and sold on carbon markets.
  • Carbon footprint: the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, including the
  • Carbon footprint: the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
  • Carbon offset: a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, achieved through the implementation of a project or program, that compensates for emissions from another source.
  • Carbon tax: a tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels, to discourage their use and encourage the use of renewable energy.
  • Carbon trading: the buying and selling of carbon credits on carbon markets.
  • Circuit analysis: a method to find the voltages and currents in a circuit, by solving the equations of Kirchoff’s laws.
  • Circuit design: the process of creating an electrical circuit, including the selection and arrangement of circuit elements, and the optimization of circuit performance.
  • Circuit element: a basic component in an electrical circuit, such as a resistor, capacitor, or inductor.
  • Circuit layout: the physical arrangement of the circuit elements and interconnections in an electrical circuit, including the routing of wires and the placement of components.
  • Circuit model: a mathematical representation of a circuit element, describing its behavior in terms of its input-output relationships.
  • Circuit optimization: the process of adjusting the parameters of a circuit to achieve a desired performance, using optimization algorithms such as gradient descent or particle swarm optimization.
  • Circuit protection: the use of protective devices to protect a circuit or system from damage.
  • Circuit Simulator: a software tool that allows to model and simulate the behavior of an electrical circuit, using mathematical models of the circuit elements and solving the equations that describe the circuit’s behavior.
  • Circuit topology: the arrangement of the circuit elements in an electrical circuit, such as series or parallel.
  • Circuit: a closed loop of conductive material, through which electric current can flow.
  • Closed loop: a path in a circuit that starts and ends at the same point, and passes through all other points in the circuit exactly once.
  • Combined heat and power (CHP): the simultaneous generation of electricity and heat from a single source, such as a gas turbine or fuel cell.
  • Conductance: the reciprocal of resistance, measured in siemens (S).
  • Conservation of charge: the principle that the total charge in a closed system remains constant.
  • Current: the flow of electric charge in a circuit. Measured in amperes (A).
  • Demand response: a program that encourages customers to reduce their energy consumption during periods of high demand, through the use of incentives, pricing, and control signals.
  • Demand response: a program that incentivizes or requires consumers to reduce their energy consumption during peak demand periods.
  • Demand-side management (DSM): the management of energy consumption on the demand side, through the use of incentives, programs, and technologies to reduce peak demand and improve energy efficiency.
  • Dependent source: a circuit element whose output current or voltage depends on the circuit’s other variables.
  • Digital circuit design: the design of circuits that operate with discrete signals, such as binary data.
  • Distributed energy resources (DER): small-scale energy generation and storage resources that are distributed throughout the grid, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems.
  • Distributed energy resources (DERs): small-scale energy generation and storage resources that are distributed throughout the grid, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems.
  • Distributed generation: the generation of electricity from multiple small-scale sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, located close to the point of consumption.
  • Distributed generation: the generation of electricity from multiple small-scale sources, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and microturbines, located close to the point of consumption.
  • Earthing: the practice of connecting a circuit or system to the earth, to ensure safety and proper functioning.
  • Electric arc: a discharge of electricity through a gas, resulting in an intense light and heat.
  • Electric charge: a property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electric field.
  • Electric circuit analysis: the process of determining the voltage, current, and power in an electrical circuit.
  • Electric circuit: a closed loop of conductive material through which electric current can flow.
  • Electric current: the flow of electric charge through a circuit.
  • Electric drive: the application of power electronics to the control of electric drives, including AC drives and DC drives.
  • Electric field intensity: the force experienced by a unit charge in an electric field.
  • Electric field: a physical field that exerts a force on charged particles, created by voltage.
  • Electric grid: the infrastructure that delivers electricity from power plants to consumers, including transmission lines, substations, and distribution networks.
  • Electric potential difference: the work done per unit charge in moving a charge from one point to another in an electric field.
  • Electric potential energy: the energy stored in an electric field due to the position of charges.
  • Electric power distribution: the final transfer of electrical power from substations to consumers.
  • Electric power transmission: the bulk transfer of electrical power from generating stations to substations and distribution networks.
  • Electric power: the rate at which electric energy is transferred, measured in watts (W).
  • Electric power: the rate at which energy is transferred in an electric circuit.
  • Electric resistance: the opposition to current flow in a circuit.
  • Electric shock: the physiological effect of electric current passing through the body, which can cause injury or death.
  • Electric vehicle charging stations: the infrastructure that supplies electricity to electric vehicles, to recharge their batteries.
  • Electric vehicle power electronics: the application of power electronics to the conversion and control of power for electric vehicles, including battery management and charging systems.
  • Electric vehicles (EVs): vehicles that are powered by electricity, instead of gasoline or diesel.
  • Electrical safety: the measures taken to ensure the safe operation of electrical systems and to protect people and property from electrical hazards.
  • Electromotive force (EMF): the electrical energy per unit charge that drives current through a circuit.
  • EMI/EMC: Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) are the study of disturbances in an electrical system caused by external electromagnetic fields, and the design of systems to minimize these disturbances.
  • Energy analytics: the use of data analysis and modeling to optimize energy consumption and improve energy efficiency.
  • Energy audit: the process of evaluating the energy efficiency of a building or facility, including the measurement of energy consumption, identification of energy-saving opportunities, and recommendation for energy-saving measures.
  • Energy audit: the process of identifying and measuring the energy consumption of a building or facility, and identifying opportunities for energy savings.
  • Energy benchmarking: the practice of measuring and comparing the energy performance of buildings or facilities, to identify opportunities for energy savings.
  • Energy certification: the process of certifying that a building or facility meets certain energy efficiency standards, such as LEED, BREEAM, or Energy Star.
  • Energy conservation area (ECA): a designated area where specific energy conservation measures are implemented to reduce energy consumption.
  • Energy conservation bylaws: laws and regulations that mandate the implementation of energy conservation measures in buildings and facilities.
  • Energy conservation code: a set of standards and guidelines for the energy efficiency of buildings and facilities.
  • Energy conservation program: a program that includes a set of strategies, policies, and actions to reduce energy consumption in buildings and facilities.
  • Energy conservation rebate programs: programs that offer rebates to customers who invest in energy-efficient products and systems.
  • Energy conservation: the reduction of energy consumption through changes in behavior and the use of more efficient technology.
  • Energy efficiency as a Service (EEaaS): a business model where a company provides energy-efficient products or services, such as lighting upgrades or HVAC maintenance, and the customer pays for the energy savings generated.
  • Energy efficiency financing: the financing of energy-efficient projects or products through mechanisms such as loans, leases, or power purchase agreements.
  • Energy efficiency incentives: financial incentives, such as tax credits, grants, and rebates, offered to encourage energy efficiency and conservation.
  • Energy efficiency labeling: the practice of labeling products with their energy efficiency rating, to help consumers make more informed purchasing decisions.
  • Energy efficiency: the use of less energy to perform the same task, through the use of more efficient technology and practices.
  • Energy harvesting: the process of collecting and storing energy from ambient sources, such as light, heat, and vibrations, for later use.
  • Energy Management Information System (EMIS): A system that allows to collect, store, process, and analyze energy consumption data to identify trends, patterns, and opportunities for energy savings.
  • Energy management plan: a plan that outlines the strategies, policies, and actions to be taken to manage the energy consumption of a building or facility.
  • Energy management software: software that allows to monitor and control the energy consumption of a building or facility, through the use of sensors, metering devices, and control algorithms.
  • Energy management system (EMS): a system that monitors and controls the energy consumption of a building or facility, through the use of sensors, metering devices, and control algorithms.
  • Energy management: the process of monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the use of energy in a building or facility.
  • Energy modeling software: software that allows to simulate the energy consumption of a building or facility
  • Energy modeling: the use of computer models to simulate the energy consumption of a building or facility, and identify opportunities for energy savings.
  • Energy modeling: the use of computer simulations to predict the energy consumption of a building or system, and identify opportunities for energy savings.
  • Energy monitoring: the process of measuring and tracking energy consumption, to identify patterns, trends, and opportunities for energy savings.
  • Energy Performance Contracting (EPC): a financing mechanism where an energy service company (ESCO) is contracted to implement energy-efficient measures in a building or facility, and the savings generated are used to repay the investment.
  • Energy procurement: the process of acquiring energy from various sources, such as electricity from the grid, renewable energy, or energy storage systems.
  • Energy reduction targets: the goals set to reduce energy consumption, through the implementation of energy-efficient technologies, practices, and policies.
  • Energy savings performance contract (ESPC): a type of performance contract that allows a facility to implement energy-efficient measures without upfront costs, by using the savings generated by the measures to pay for the project over time.
  • Energy Service Company (ESCO): a company that specializes in the implementation of energy-efficient measures in buildings or facilities and provides energy-efficient services.
  • Energy service company (ESCO): a company that specializes in the implementation of energy-efficient measures in buildings or facilities, and provides energy-efficient services.
  • Energy services: the services provided by energy service companies (ESCOs) to improve the energy efficiency of buildings or facilities.
  • Energy simulation: the use of computer models to simulate the energy consumption of a building or facility, and identify opportunities for energy savings.
  • Energy Star: a rating system developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that certifies products and buildings that meet high standards of energy efficiency.
  • Energy storage capacity: the amount of energy that can be stored in an energy storage system.
  • Energy storage system (ESS): A system that stores energy for later use, using devices such as batteries, flywheels, and supercapacitors.
  • Energy storage systems (ESS): a system that stores energy for later use, using devices such as batteries, flywheels, and supercapacitors.
  • Energy storage systems: the technology and equipment used to store energy, such as batteries, flywheels, and thermal storage.
  • Energy storage: the application of power electronics to the storage and management of electrical energy, including batteries and supercapacitors.
  • Energy storage: the storage of electrical energy for later use, using devices such as batteries, flywheels, and supercapacitors.
  • Energy tariff: the rate at which a utility company charges for electricity, which can vary depending on factors such as time of day, season, and demand.
  • Energy-efficient appliances: appliances that consume less energy than standard appliances, through the use of advanced technologies and design.
  • Energy-efficient building design: the design of buildings to minimize energy consumption, through the use of energy-efficient technologies, materials, and systems.
  • Energy-efficient buildings: buildings that consume less energy than standard buildings, through the use of energy-efficient technologies, materials, and systems.
  • Energy-efficient design: the process of designing buildings, products, and systems that consume less energy and reduce environmental impact.
  • Energy-efficient financing programs: programs that offer financing options, such as loans and leases, to customers who invest in energy-efficient products and systems.
  • Energy-efficient HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems: systems that provide heating, cooling, and ventilation to a building or facility and are designed to consume less energy.
  • Energy-efficient incentives for commercial and industrial sector: Incentives for commercial and industrial sectors to invest in energy-efficient technologies and practices to reduce energy consumption.
  • Energy-efficient incentives for residential sector: Incentives for residential customers to invest in energy-efficient technologies and practices to reduce energy consumption.
  • Energy-efficient lighting: the use of energy-efficient lighting technologies, such as LED and CFL, to reduce energy consumption and improve lighting quality.
  • Energy-efficient mortgages (EEMs): mortgages that provide favorable terms for energy-efficient homes.
  • Energy-efficient products labeling: the labeling of products with their energy consumption and efficiency information, to help customers make informed choices.
  • Energy-efficient products: products that consume less energy than standard products, through the use of advanced technologies and design.
  • Energy-efficient retrofit: the process of upgrading a building or facility to make it more energy-efficient.
  • Energy-efficient technologies: the use of advanced technologies and products that consume less energy and reduce environmental impact.
  • Energy-efficient transportation: the use of energy-efficient vehicles and transportation systems, such as electric cars and public transportation, to reduce energy consumption.
  • ESD: Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is the sudden flow of electricity between two objects caused by contact or proximity, which can damage electronic devices.
  • Feed-in tariff (FIT): a policy that provides financial incentives for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources.
  • Flow battery: a type of battery that stores energy in a liquid electrolyte, which allows for a high energy density and long cycle life.
  • Flywheel energy storage system (FESS): An energy storage system that uses flywheels to store energy.
  • Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS): a system that stores energy using flywheels.
  • Fourier series: a mathematical technique used to analyze periodic signals, which allows to express a signal as a sum of sine and cosine functions.
  • Frequency response: the relationship between the input and output of a circuit with respect to frequency.
  • Green building certifications: certifications that recognize buildings that meet high standards of energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor environmental quality, such as LEED, BREEAM, and Green Star.
  • Green building: a building that is designed, constructed, and operated to minimize its environmental impact, through the use of sustainable materials and energy-efficient systems.
  • Green building: a building that is designed, constructed, and operated to minimize its environmental impact, through the use of sustainable materials and energy-efficient systems.
  • Green roof: a roof that is covered with vegetation, to improve the energy efficiency of a building and reduce the urban heat island effect.
  • Greywater: wastewater from sinks, showers, and washing machines that can be reused for irrigation and other non-potable uses.
  • Grid connected systems: systems that are connected to the electric grid and can supply power to the grid or draw power from the grid as needed.
  • Grid-tied energy storage system: An energy storage system that is connected to the grid, allowing for the flow of energy between the grid and the storage system.
  • Grid-tied energy storage systems: energy storage systems that are connected to the grid, allowing for the storage and distribution of energy.
  • Ground fault: an unintended electrical connection between a conductor and the ground.
  • Ground loop: a current flowing through multiple ground connections in a circuit, caused by differences in potential between the ground points.
  • Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI): a device that can quickly detect and interrupt a ground fault, to protect people from electric shock.
  • Grounding: the connection of a circuit or system to the earth, for safety and electrical performance.
  • Harmonics: the presence of non-sinusoidal waveforms in an AC circuit, caused by non-linear loads.
  • Home automation: the use of technology to control and automate the systems in a home, such as lighting, heating, and security.
  • HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems: systems that provide heating, cooling, and ventilation to a building or facility, and are a major contributor to energy consumption.
  • Hybrid energy storage system (HESS): An energy storage system that combines different energy storage technologies, such as batteries and flywheels, to achieve optimal performance.
  • Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS): a system that combines different energy storage technologies, such as batteries and flywheels, to achieve optimal performance.
  • Ideal model: a simplified model of a circuit element that ignores non-ideal effects such as resistance, leakage, and finite accuracy.
  • Impedance: the total opposition to current flow in an AC circuit, measured in ohms (Ω).
  • Independent source: a circuit element whose output current or voltage is not dependent on the circuit’s other variables.
  • Inductance: the property of a circuit that opposes changes in current, measured in henries (H).
  • Internet of Things (IoT): the network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.
  • Interval metering: the use of meters that measure energy consumption at regular intervals, such as every 15 minutes, to provide more detailed consumption data.
  • Inverter: a circuit that converts DC power to AC power.
  • Junction: a point in an electrical circuit where three or more branches meet.
  • KCL Terminology And Definitions
  • Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL): states that the total current entering a junction in a circuit must equal the total current leaving that junction.
  • Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL): states that the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to the total voltage applied to that loop.
  • Laplace transform: a mathematical technique used to analyze linear time-invariant systems, which allows to convert a circuit’s differential equations into algebraic equations and thus simplify the analysis.
  • LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design): a certification program that recognizes buildings and facilities that meet high standards of energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor environmental quality.
  • Lightning protection: the measures taken to protect a structure and its occupants from the effects of lightning strikes.
  • Linear circuit: a circuit in which all the components and their interconnections obey linear relationships between the input and output quantities.
  • Lithium-ion battery: a type of rechargeable battery that uses lithium ions as the main component of the electrolyte.
  • Loop: a closed path in a circuit that starts and ends at the same point.
  • LTSpice: a free version of SPICE, developed by Linear Technology Corporation.
  • Magnetic field: a physical field that exerts a force on moving charged particles, created by current.
  • Mesh: a loop in a circuit that does not pass through any other loop.
  • Microcontroller: a computer-on-a-chip that contains a microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces, and is used to control electronic devices.
  • Microgeneration: the generation of electricity from small-scale sources, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and microturbines.
  • Microgrid: a local energy system that can operate independently or connected to the main grid, and includes sources of generation, energy storage, and load management.
  • Microgrid: a small-scale version of the power grid, that can operate independently or in connection with the main grid.
  • Motor control: the application of power electronics to the control of electric motors, including speed control and torque control.
  • Net metering: a policy that allows consumers with solar panels or other distributed generation systems to sell excess energy back to the grid.
  • Net metering: a program that allows consumers with solar panels or other distributed generation systems to sell excess energy back to the grid.
  • Net zero energy: a building or facility that generates as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis, through the use of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies.
  • Net-metering: a system that allows customers with their own renewable energy systems to feed excess energy back to the grid, and receive credit for it.
  • Node: a point in an electrical circuit where two or more branches meet.
  • Nonlinear circuit: a circuit in which one or more of the components or their interconnections do not obey linear relationships between the input and output quantities.
  • Norton’s theorem: states that any linear circuit can be reduced to an equivalent circuit with a single current source and parallel impedance, seen by the load.
  • Off-grid energy storage system: An energy storage system that is not connected to the grid, and is typically used to provide backup power in remote or isolated locations.
  • Off-grid energy storage systems: energy storage systems that are not connected to the grid, allowing for the storage and use of energy in remote or isolated locations.
  • Ohm’s Law: states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.
  • Open circuit: a condition where a circuit or component is not complete, causing a lack of current flow.
  • Overload: a condition where a circuit or component is carrying a current greater than its rated capacity.
  • Parallel circuit: a circuit in which the components are connected side by side, so the voltage across each component is the same.
  • Passive House: a standard of building design that focuses on energy efficiency and air tightness, to minimize heating and cooling needs.
  • Passive solar design: the design of buildings to maximize the use of natural light and heat, to reduce energy consumption.
  • Path: a route through a circuit, defined by the order of the components traversed.
  • PCB design: the process of creating a printed circuit board, including the layout of the circuit, the selection of materials and components, and the fabrication process.
  • Phase: the relative timing of two waveforms, measured in degrees or radians.
  • Power electronics circuit: a circuit that performs functions such as rectification, inversion, and regulation of electrical power.
  • Power electronics: the application of solid-state electronics to the control and conversion of electrical power.
  • Power factor: the ratio of real power to apparent power in an AC circuit, indicating the amount of power that is being used effectively.
  • Power generation forecasting: the prediction of power generation from renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to optimize grid management.
  • Power grid: the infrastructure that supplies electricity to consumers, including power plants, transmission lines, substations, and distribution networks.
  • Power purchase agreement (PPA): a contract between a power producer and a power purchaser, where the power producer agrees to sell electricity to the power purchaser at a fixed price over a certain period of time.
  • Power quality: the level of performance of an electrical system, including factors such as voltage, current, frequency, and waveform.
  • Power semiconductors: electronic devices that are used to switch and control electrical power in power electronic circuits, such as diodes, transistors, and thyristors.
  • Protective devices: devices such as fuses and circuit breakers that are used to protect a circuit or system from damage due to overcurrents, overvoltages, and other abnormal conditions.
  • PSpice: a commercial version of SPICE, developed by Cadence Design Systems.
  • Rainwater harvesting: the collection of rainwater for later use, such as irrigation and toilet flushing.
  • Reactance: the opposition to current flow in an AC circuit due to inductance or capacitance, measured in ohms (Ω).
  • Realistic model: a model of a circuit element that takes into account non-ideal effects such as resistance, leakage, and finite accuracy.
  • Rectifier: a circuit that converts AC power to DC power.
  • Regulator: a circuit that maintains a constant output voltage or current, despite variations in input voltage or load.
  • Renewable energy certificate (REC): a certificate that represents the environmental attributes of one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity generated from renewable energy sources.
  • Renewable energy: energy derived from natural resources that are replenished over time, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydro power.
  • Renewable energy: energy that is generated from natural resources that are replenished over time, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass.
  • Renewable portfolio standard (RPS): a policy that requires a certain percentage of electricity to be generated from renewable energy sources.
  • Residual current device (RCD): a device that can quickly detect and interrupt an imbalance in the current flowing in a circuit, to protect people from electric shock.
  • Resistance: the opposition to current flow in a circuit, measured in ohms (Ω).
  • Series circuit: a circuit in which the components are connected one after the other, so the current through each component is the same.
  • Short circuit: an unintended electrical connection between two conductors, causing a high current flow.
  • Smart cities: the use of technology and data analysis to improve the efficiency, sustainability, and livability of cities.
  • Smart energy: the use of advanced technology to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of the energy system.
  • Smart Grid Automation: the use of advanced technology to automate the monitoring, control, and management of the power grid.
  • Smart grid communication: the use of advanced communication technology, such as wireless networks and the Internet, to enable the monitoring and control of the power grid.
  • Smart Grid Cyber Security: Measures to protect the smart grid infrastructure and communication networks from cyber threats such as hacking, unauthorized access, and malware.
  • Smart grid cybersecurity: measures to protect the smart grid infrastructure and communication networks from cyber threats such as hacking, unauthorized access, and malware.
  • Smart grid infrastructure: the physical components of the smart grid, such as sensors, meters, and communication networks.
  • Smart grid integration: the integration of advanced technology into the power grid, to improve its efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness to changes in demand.
  • Smart grid: a modernized power grid that uses advanced technology to improve the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of the energy system.
  • Smart grid: the application of advanced technology to the power grid, to improve its efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness to changes in demand.
  • Smart grid: the application of power electronics, computer technology, and communications to the electric grid, to improve its efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness to changes in demand.
  • Smart grid: the integration of advanced technology into the power grid, to improve its efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness to changes in demand.
  • Smart home: a home equipped with technology to control and automate its systems, such as lighting, heating, and security, and also allows remote monitoring and control through internet connectivity.
  • Smart meter: an advanced meter that can communicate with the utility company to provide real-time energy consumption data and allow for more accurate billing and demand response.
  • Smart metering: the use of advanced metering technology, such as smart meters, to provide real-time energy consumption data and allow for more accurate billing and demand response.
  • Solar power electronics: the application of power electronics to the conversion and control of power from solar cells.
  • SPICE: a popular circuit simulator software, widely used in academia and industry for circuit analysis and design.
  • Stand-alone systems: systems that are not connected to the electric grid and must generate their own power.
  • Steady-state response: the response of a circuit to a constant input, when all transient effects have disappeared.
  • Supercapacitor energy storage system (SESS): An energy storage system that uses supercapacitors to store energy.
  • Supercapacitor energy storage systems (SESS): a system that stores energy using supercapacitors.
  • Superposition principle: states that in a linear circuit containing more than one independent source, the response (voltage or current) in any branch is the sum of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone.
  • Surge protection: the measures taken to protect a circuit or system from voltage transients, such as lightning strikes and power outages.
  • Switching power supply: a type of power electronic circuit that uses switching devices to convert electrical power, resulting in high efficiency and small size.
  • Thermal energy storage: The storage of heat or cold energy for later use, through the use of materials such as water, ice, or phase-change materials.
  • Thevenin’s theorem: states that any linear circuit can be reduced to an equivalent circuit with a single voltage source and series impedance, seen by the load.
  • Time-of-use (TOU) pricing: a pricing structure that charges different rates for electricity depending on the time of day or week, to reflect the varying costs of generation and distribution.
  • Transient response: the response of a circuit to a sudden change in input, also known as the impulse response.
  • Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): a device that provides backup power to a circuit or system, in case of an outage.
  • Virtual power plant (VPP): a network of distributed energy resources, such as solar panels and energy storage systems, that can be controlled and managed as a single entity.
  • Voltage drop: the difference in voltage between two points in a circuit.
  • Voltage: the electric potential difference between two points in a circuit. Measured in volts (V).
  • Zero energy building: a building that generates as much energy as it consumes, through the use of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies.
  • Zero net energy: a building or facility that generates as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis, through the use of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies.