• 2FA (Two-Factor Authentication): An authentication process that requires the user to provide two forms of identification, such as a password and a fingerprint, to access a system or resource.
  • Access Control: The process of granting or denying access to resources based on predetermined security rules and policies.
  • Advanced Persistent Threat (APT): A type of attack in which an attacker gains unauthorized access to a system and remains undetected for an extended period of time in order to steal sensitive information.
  • Advanced Persistent Threat (APT): A type of attack that is designed to persistently target a specific organization or individual over an extended period of time, often for the purpose of stealing sensitive information.
  • Advanced Persistent Threat (APT): A type of cyber attack in which an attacker gains unauthorized access to a system and then persists in their efforts to steal sensitive information or compromise the security of the target.
  • Advanced Persistent Threat (APT): A type of cyber attack where an attacker gains unauthorized access to a network or system and then remains undetected for an extended period of time while they gather sensitive information.
  • Adware: A type of software that displays advertisements, often in the form of pop-ups or banners, on the user’s computer or device.
  • Adware: A type of software that displays unwanted advertisements on the user’s device, often bundled with free software or installed through drive-by-downloads.
  • Adware: A type of software that displays unwanted advertisements, often through pop-ups, banners, or other methods, often as a result of installing free software or visiting certain websites.
  • Adware: A type of software that displays unwanted or intrusive advertisements on a user’s device. Adware can be bundled with other software, or installed as part of a free download, and can be difficult to remove.
  • Adware: Software that displays advertisements on a computer or mobile device, often without the user’s consent.
  • Adware: Software that displays advertising, often unwanted or intrusive, on a computer or device.
  • Adware: Software that displays unwanted advertisements on a computer system, often by tracking the user’s web browsing habits or by modifying the web browser settings.
  • Adware: Software that displays unwanted advertisements, often as pop-ups or banners, on a user’s computer or device.
  • Antivirus Software: A type of software designed to detect and remove malware from a system or network. Antivirus software can help protect against viruses, worms, trojans, and other types of malware.
  • Antivirus Software: A type of software that detects and removes malware from a computer or network.
  • Antivirus Software: Software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software, such as viruses, worms, and Trojans.
  • Antivirus Software: Software that detects and removes malware from a computer or device.
  • API: An application programming interface, a set of protocols, routines, and tools for building software applications.
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are designed to think and act like humans, using algorithms and statistical models.
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are designed to think and act like humans.
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines, often achieved through the use of algorithms, neural networks, and other advanced technologies that allow computers to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence such as speech recognition, natural language processing, and decision making.
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines, often used for tasks such as speech recognition, decision making, and problem solving.
  • Asymmetric Encryption: An encryption method in which a pair of keys is used, one to encrypt the data and another to decrypt the data.
  • Backdoor: A hidden entry point into a computer system or software that can be used to bypass normal authentication and gain unauthorized access.
  • Backdoor: A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to bypass normal authentication and gain unauthorized access to a system or network. Backdoors can be intentionally created by software developers, or can be introduced through software vulnerabilities or misconfigurations.
  • Backup: A copy of data that is stored separately from the original, so that it can be used to restore the original data in the event of data loss or corruption. Backups can be stored on physical media, such as tape or disk, or in the cloud.
  • Baiting: A type of social engineering attack in which an attacker leaves a tempting item, such as a USB drive, in a public place in the hope that someone will pick it up and plug it into a computer, thereby compromising the system.
  • Bandwidth: The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network connection.
  • Big Data: A large and complex data set that requires advanced technologies and algorithms to process, analyze, and extract valuable insights.
  • Big Data: Extremely large and complex data sets that can be analyzed to reveal patterns, trends, and insights, often using distributed computing and storage systems.
  • Big Data: Large and complex data sets that cannot be processed and analyzed using traditional data processing techniques, often requiring specialized tools and technologies such as distributed computing and machine learning algorithms.
  • Blockchain: A decentralized, digital ledger of transactions that uses cryptography to secure and validate transactions and prevent data tampering.
  • Blockchain: A decentralized, distributed ledger that records transactions across a network of computers in a secure and transparent manner, often used to power cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
  • Blockchain: A distributed database that maintains a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, secured using cryptography, and resistant to modification of the data.
  • Blockchain: A distributed ledger technology that uses cryptography to secure and verify transactions, often used for secure and transparent record-keeping.
  • Blue Team: A security team responsible for protecting an organization’s networks and systems from cyber attacks.
  • Bot: A software program that performs automated tasks, such as crawling websites or spreading malware, on behalf of a user or attacker.
  • Botnet: A group of infected computers that are remotely controlled by a malicious actor, often used to carry out DDoS attacks or to spread malware.
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers that are controlled by a single attacker and used to carry out coordinated attacks, such as spam or distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks.
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers that are controlled by a single attacker to carry out malicious activities, such as spamming, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, or theft of sensitive information. Botnets can be composed of thousands or even millions of infected systems, and can be difficult to detect and dismantle.
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers that are controlled by a single entity and used to perform malicious activities, such as sending spam or launching Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers that are controlled by a threat actor and can be used to carry out coordinated attacks (such as DDoS attacks).
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers that are controlled by an attacker and used to perform malicious actions, such as sending spam, launching distributed denial-of-service attacks, or stealing sensitive information.
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers that are controlled remotely by an attacker for the purpose of performing malicious actions, such as sending spam, performing DDoS attacks, or stealing sensitive information.
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers, often controlled remotely by a single attacker, used for malicious activities such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and spamming
  • Botnet: A network of compromised computers, or bots, that are controlled remotely by an attacker, to carry out malicious activities such as spamming, phishing, and DDoS attacks.
  • Botnet: A network of infected computers that are controlled by a single entity to carry out malicious activities, such as distributing spam or launching distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.
  • Botnet: A network of infected computers, often used to carry out malicious activities such as spamming, DDoS attacks, and data theft.
  • Botnet: A network of infected devices (bots) that are controlled remotely by a malicious actor to perform coordinated attacks, such as spamming, phishing, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.
  • Botnet: A network of infected devices that are controlled by an attacker, used to launch attacks such as DDoS, spam, and malware distribution
  • Buffer Overflow: A type of security vulnerability in which an attacker can send more data to a program than it can handle, causing the program to crash or execute malicious code.
  • Buffer Overflow: A type of security vulnerability that occurs when more data is written to a buffer than it can hold, causing the excess data to overflow into adjacent memory locations and potentially allowing attackers to execute malicious code.
  • Buffer Overflow: A type of software vulnerability that occurs when a program attempts to store more data in a buffer than it can hold, causing the buffer to overflow and corrupt adjacent memory. Buffer overflow attacks can lead to a wide range of harmful consequences, including remote code execution, data theft, and system crashes.
  • Bullet Point List All Cyber Terminology and Related Definitions.
  • Business Continuity Planning: The process of preparing for and mitigating the impact of disruptions to business operations, often including steps such as risk assessment, incident response, and disaster recovery planning.
  • Certificate Authority (CA): An entity that issues digital certificates and verifies the identity of individuals or organizations requesting them.
  • Certificate Authority (CA): An entity that issues digital certificates, which are used to establish secure connections on the Internet.
  • Clickjacking: A type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker tricks a victim into clicking on a hidden or transparent element, often used to perform actions on the victim’s behalf without their knowledge.
  • Cloud Computing: A model for delivering computing services over the internet, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence, without requiring direct active management by the user.
  • Cloud Computing: A model for delivering information technology services in which resources are provided over the Internet, rather than from a local data center.
  • Cloud Computing: A model of computing in which users can access shared computing resources, such as servers and storage, over the Internet, rather than using local hardware and software.
  • Cloud Computing: A model of delivering computing resources, including data storage, applications, and services, over the internet on a pay-per-use basis.
  • Cloud Computing: A type of computing in which resources, such as software and data, are stored on remote servers and accessed over the Internet, rather than on local devices.
  • Cloud Computing: A type of computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications and data, often achieved through the use of remote servers accessed over the internet.
  • Cloud Security: The practice of securing data and applications stored in the cloud, often including measures such as encryption, access control, and network security.
  • Cloud Security: The practice of securing data and resources that are stored or processed in the cloud, often by implementing security measures such as encryption, access control, and incident response.
  • Continuous Deployment (CD): A software development practice in which code changes are automatically deployed to production systems as soon as they are validated and tested.
  • Continuous Integration (CI): A software development practice in which code changes are automatically built and tested multiple times a day, to catch and fix problems early in the development process.
  • Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Attack: A type of security vulnerability in which an attacker tricks a user into making an unintended request to a web application, often with the goal of stealing sensitive information or performing other malicious actions.
  • Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF): A type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker tricks a victim’s browser into sending a malicious request to a website, often causing the victim’s actions to be performed on the attacker’s behalf.
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attack: A type of security vulnerability in which an attacker injects malicious script into a web page that is viewed by other users, allowing the attacker to steal sensitive information or perform other malicious actions.
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attack: A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject malicious scripts into a web page viewed by other users, potentially stealing sensitive information or compromising their systems.
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): A type of security vulnerability in web applications that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into otherwise benign web pages, affecting users who visit those pages
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): A type of security vulnerability in which an attacker injects malicious code into a web page that is viewed by other users, allowing the attacker to steal user data or perform other malicious actions.
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject malicious code into a website or web application, often to steal sensitive information or to carry out other malicious activities.
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): A type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker injects malicious scripts into a web page that is viewed by other users, often used to steal sensitive information or hijack user sessions.
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): A type of web application vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject malicious code into a web page viewed by other users.
  • Cryptocurrency: A digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of a central bank.
  • Cryptocurrency: A digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography to secure and verify transactions, and to control the creation of new units.
  • Cryptocurrency: A type of digital currency that uses encryption to secure and verify transactions, often decentralized and without a central authority.
  • Cryptographic Hash Function: A mathematical function that takes an input (or “message”) and returns a fixed-size string of bytes, serving as a digital “fingerprint” of the input.
  • Cryptojacking: The unauthorized use of a user’s computing resources, such as their CPU or GPU, to mine cryptocurrency for the attacker’s benefit.
  • Crypto-jacking: The unauthorized use of someone else’s computing resources to mine cryptocurrency, which can slow down their device and consume significant amounts of electricity.
  • Cyber Crime: Criminal activities that are carried out using the internet or other forms of digital communication, such as identity theft, cyberstalking, or online fraud.
  • Cyber Espionage: The use of cyber techniques to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information for political, military, or economic purposes.
  • Cyber Espionage: The use of digital tools and techniques to gather sensitive or classified information from another organization, nation, or individual.
  • Cyber Insurance: Insurance coverage for financial losses due to cyber attacks, often including coverage for costs such as incident response, business interruption, and liability.
  • Cyber Warfare: The use of cyber operations to attack the enemy’s critical infrastructure, command and control systems, or decision-making processes.
  • Cybercrime: Criminal activity that involves the use of computers, networks, or the internet to commit a crime or facilitate criminal activity.
  • Cybercrime: Illegal activities that use digital technologies, such as hacking, identity theft, and cyber fraud.
  • Cybersecurity: The practice of protecting computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, networks, and data from attack, damage, or unauthorized access.
  • Cybersecurity: The protection of internet-connected systems, including hardware, software, and data, from attack, damage, or unauthorized access.
  • Cyberwarfare: The use of digital means to conduct military operations, including espionage, sabotage, and disruption of critical infrastructure.
  • Cyberwarfare: The use of digital tools and techniques to attack and defend nations in the context of military conflict or political espionage.
  • Dark Web: A hidden section of the internet that can only be accessed using special software, and is often used for illegal activities such as the sale of drugs, weapons, and stolen data.
  • Data Breach: An unauthorized access to and release or theft of sensitive or confidential information, often through hacking or other malicious activities.
  • Data Breaches: An unauthorized access to or release of sensitive or confidential information, such as personal data, financial information, or trade secrets. Data breaches can have serious consequences, including financial loss, identity theft, and reputational damage.
  • Data Breaches: An unauthorized access to, or theft of, sensitive information, such as personal data, login credentials, financial information, or confidential business information.
  • Data Center: A facility used for housing computer systems and related components, such as telecommunications and storage systems, used to support the operations of an organization.
  • Data Dump: The release or distribution of large amounts of stolen data, often by a hacker or malicious actor, for the purpose of extortion, public shaming, or embarrassing the affected individuals or organizations.
  • Data Leakage: The unauthorized transfer of sensitive or confidential data from a system, often through means such as email, cloud storage, or removable media.
  • Data Loss Prevention (DLP): A security technology designed to prevent the unauthorized access, use, or theft of sensitive information.
  • DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) Attack: A type of attack that floods a network or system with a large volume of traffic, often from multiple sources, to overwhelm the target and disrupt its services.
  • DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service): A type of cyber attack that involves overwhelming a network or system with traffic from multiple sources, causing it to become unavailable to users.
  • DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service): An attack in which multiple computers are used to flood a target system with traffic, making it unavailable for users.
  • DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service): An attack that aims to make a website or service unavailable by overwhelming it with traffic from multiple sources.
  • DDoS attack: A type of attack in which multiple computers flood a target with a large amount of traffic, in an attempt to overwhelm its servers and make it unavailable to users.
  • DDoS Attack: A type of attack in which multiple systems are used to flood a target system with traffic, causing it to become unavailable to legitimate users.
  • DDoS Attack: A type of cyber attack that involves overwhelming a system or network with a large volume of traffic, in an attempt to disrupt or disable the target. DDoS attacks can cause significant downtime and financial loss for organizations, and can also be used as a smokescreen to distract from other malicious activities.
  • DDoS Attack: A type of cyber attack that involves overwhelming a target system or network with traffic from multiple sources, often to disrupt its normal functioning.
  • DDoS Attack: A type of cyber attack that seeks to make a network or service unavailable by overwhelming it with traffic from multiple sources. The goal of a DDoS attack is to disrupt the normal functioning of a network or website, making it unavailable to users.
  • Decentralized Application (dApp): An application that runs on a decentralized network, such as a blockchain, and does not rely on a central authority for its operation.
  • Deep Learning: A type of machine learning that uses multi-layer neural networks to model complex patterns in data.
  • Denial of Service (DoS) Attack: A type of attack that aims to make a network resource unavailable to its intended users, by overwhelming it with traffic or otherwise disrupting its normal functioning.
  • Denial of Service (DoS) Attack: A type of attack where an attacker floods a target system with excessive traffic, making it unavailable for legitimate users
  • Denial of Service (DoS) Attack: A type of cyber attack that aims to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users, often achieved by flooding the target with a large amount of traffic, rendering the resource unavailable to other users.
  • Denial of Service (DoS) Attack: An attack in which an attacker inundates a network, system, or website with a large amount of traffic, causing it to become unavailable to legitimate users.
  • Denial of Service (DoS): A type of attack that is designed to make a computer resource or network unavailable to its intended users.
  • Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack: A type of attack that floods a target system or network with traffic, often causing it to become unavailable to users, and potentially causing harm to the target’s operations.
  • Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack: A type of cyber attack in which the attacker floods a network or server with an overwhelming amount of traffic, causing the target to become unavailable to legitimate users.
  • Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack: A type of cyber attack that involves overwhelming a network or website with traffic, making it unavailable to users.
  • DevOps: A software development approach that emphasizes collaboration and communication between developers and operations teams, to accelerate the delivery of software applications.
  • Digital Signature: A digital code created using an encryption algorithm and attached to an electronic document, often used to verify the authenticity and integrity of the document and the sender.
  • Digital Signature: A mathematical process that uses encryption to verify the authenticity of a digital message or document, often used for secure electronic transactions.
  • Digital Signature: A mathematical technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of digital messages or documents.
  • Digital Signature: A mechanism used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a digital message or document, using a combination of the sender’s private key and the recipient’s public key
  • Digital Signature: An electronic signature that is used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message and to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the message itself.
  • Digital Signature: An electronic signature that uses encryption and hash functions to ensure the authenticity and integrity of a message or document, often used to verify the identity of the sender and the authenticity of the message.
  • Digital Signature: An electronic signature used to verify the authenticity and integrity of a document or message, often used in secure communication and digital transactions.
  • Directory Traversal: A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to access files and directories that are outside the intended web root, often used to steal sensitive information or execute malicious code.
  • Disaster Recovery: The process of restoring systems, applications, and data in the event of a disaster, such as a cyber attack or natural disaster.
  • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack: A type of attack that involves multiple compromised devices, often referred to as “bots,” working together to attack a single target, thereby amplifying the scale and impact of the attack.
  • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack: A type of attack where multiple systems are used to flood a target system with excessive traffic, making it unavailable for legitimate users.
  • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack: A type of cyber attack in which multiple compromised systems are used to flood a target system with traffic, causing it to become unavailable to users.
  • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack: A type of cyber attack that uses multiple compromised devices or systems to launch a coordinated attack against a target, often resulting in a larger and more sustained attack than a traditional DoS attack.
  • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack: An attack in which multiple systems, often compromised through a botnet, are used to flood a network, system, or website with a large amount of traffic, causing it to become unavailable to legitimate users.
  • Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS): A type of attack that involves multiple computers flooding a target system with traffic, making it unavailable to its intended users.
  • Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack: A type of attack that involves multiple systems coordinated to flood a target system or network with traffic, often causing it to become unavailable to users, and potentially causing harm to the target’s operations.
  • Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack: A type of cyber attack in which the attacker uses a network of infected computers, often referred to as a “botnet,” to flood a target with an overwhelming amount of traffic, causing the target to become unavailable to legitimate users.
  • Domain Name System (DNS): A hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers and other resources connected to the internet, often used to translate domain names into IP addresses and locate resources on the internet.
  • Domain Name System (DNS): The system that maps domain names to IP addresses, allowing users to access websites and other online resources by entering a domain name, rather than an IP address.
  • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): A network protocol used to dynamically assign IP addresses to devices on a network, allowing them to communicate with each other.
  • Encryption: A process of converting plain text into an unreadable format, using a key or password, to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access. Encryption can be used to protect data in transit, as well as data at rest.
  • Encryption: The process of converting data into a coded format to protect it from unauthorized access or manipulation.
  • Encryption: The process of converting plain text into an unreadable form, often using a secret key, to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the data.
  • Encryption: The process of converting plain text into coded text, so that it can only be read by someone with the necessary key or decryption algorithm. Encryption is used to protect sensitive information, such as credit card numbers or personal information, from unauthorized access.
  • Encryption: The process of converting plaintext data into a coded format that can only be deciphered with a secret key, in order to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.
  • Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into a form that is unreadable without the corresponding decryption key, used to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.
  • Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext, making it unreadable without a decryption key, to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or theft.
  • Encryption: The process of transforming plaintext data into ciphertext, using a secret key, in order to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the data, often used in communication and data storage.
  • Encryption: The process of transforming plaintext into ciphertext, making it unreadable to anyone without the proper key, to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of data.
  • Endpoint protection: A security solution designed to protect individual devices (such as laptops, smartphones, and servers) from cyber threats.
  • Endpoint Security: A security approach that focuses on protecting individual devices that access a network, such as laptops, smartphones, or servers.
  • Endpoint Security: The practice of securing the devices that access a network, such as laptops, smartphones, and servers, often including measures such as antivirus software, firewalls, and device management.
  • Endpoint Security: The protection of devices and systems that access a network, such as laptops, smartphones, and servers, from security threats.
  • Endpoint Security: The protection of devices and systems that are connected to a network, such as desktops, laptops, smartphones, and servers, from threats such as malware and unauthorized access.
  • End-to-End Encryption: A method of encryption in which data is encrypted on the source device, transmitted in encrypted form, and then decrypted on the destination device, ensuring that the data remains confidential even if intercepted in transit.
  • End-to-End Encryption: A method of secure communication in which data is encrypted at the source and decrypted only at the intended recipient, providing protection against eavesdropping and tampering.
  • Firewall: A hardware or software system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic, based on predefined security rules, to prevent unauthorized access, malware infections, and data breaches.
  • Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules.
  • Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
  • Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic, based on predetermined security rules.
  • Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic, often based on predefined security rules and designed to prevent unauthorized access and protect against network-based attacks.
  • Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules
  • Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules and algorithms.
  • Firewall: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
  • Firewall: A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to a computer network or system, typically by controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic.
  • Firewall: A system or device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules, often used to protect a private network from unauthorized access or to block specific types of traffic such as malware or phishing.
  • Firewall: A type of network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Firewalls are often used to protect networks from unauthorized access, as well as to prevent malicious traffic from entering a network.
  • Firewall: A type of security software that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. Firewalls can help prevent unauthorized access to a system or network, and can also be used to block malicious traffic, such as malware or phishing attempts.
  • Hash Function: A mathematical algorithm that takes an input (or “message”) and returns a fixed-size string of bits, often used for verifying the integrity of data.
  • Hash Function: A mathematical function that takes an input (or “message”) and returns a fixed-size string of characters, often used to ensure the integrity of data by detecting any changes to the message.
  • Hash Function: A mathematical function that takes an input (or “message”) and returns a fixed-size string of characters, which serves as a “digital fingerprint” of the original data.
  • Hash: A mathematical function that takes an input (or “message”) and returns a fixed-size string of characters, which can be used to verify the integrity and authenticity of digital files and messages, without revealing the original data.
  • Honeypot: A decoy system or network that is set up to attract and trap attackers, to learn about their methods and improve security measures.
  • Honeypot: A security system that is designed to attract and trap attackers in order to study their methods and better understand the types of attacks they are performing.
  • Hub: A network device that connects devices on a network and broadcasts network traffic to all connected devices.
  • Hybrid Cloud: A cloud computing model that combines elements of public and private clouds, allowing organizations to take advantage of the benefits of both models.
  • Hypervisor: A software layer that allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical host, providing hardware abstraction and resource management.
  • Identity and Access Management (IAM): The processes and technologies involved in managing digital identities and ensuring that only authorized users have access to sensitive resources.
  • Identity and Access Management (IAM): The security discipline that focuses on the management of digital identities and their access to resources, often to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information.
  • Incident Response: A systematic approach to responding to a security breach or cyber attack, including the identification of the incident, assessment of the damage, containment of the breach, and recovery.
  • Incident Response: The process of identifying, containing, and resolving a security incident, such as a data breach or a cyber attack.
  • Incident Response: The process of preparing for, detecting, and responding to security incidents, often including steps such as containment, analysis, and remediation.
  • Information Security Management System (ISMS): A systematic approach to managing and protecting sensitive information, often using the ISO 27001 standard, to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information.
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): A cloud computing model in which computing infrastructure, including servers, storage, and networking, is delivered over the internet on a pay-per-use basis.
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): A cloud computing service model in which the provider offers virtualized computing resources, such as virtual machines and storage, over the Internet.
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): A delivery model for cloud computing in which a third-party provider offers virtualized computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networking, over the Internet, typically on a pay-per-use basis.
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): A type of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources, often including storage, processing, and networking capabilities, over the internet, often on a subscription basis and managed by the service provider.
  • Initial Coin Offering (ICO): A fundraising mechanism in which a new cryptocurrency project sells a portion of its tokens to early supporters in exchange for capital.
  • Internet of Things (IoT) Security: The practice of securing the connected devices and systems that make up the Internet of Things, often including measures such as device authentication, network security, and data privacy.
  • Internet of Things (IoT): A network of interconnected devices, vehicles, and home appliances that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data.
  • Internet of Things (IoT): A network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data with each other and with the internet.
  • Internet of Things (IoT): The network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to connect and exchange data.
  • Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company that provides internet access to customers, often through various technologies such as cable, DSL, or fiber optic connections.
  • Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company that provides Internet access to customers.
  • Intrusion Detection System (IDS): A security system that monitors network and system activities for signs of unauthorized access or other security threats.
  • Intrusion Detection System (IDS): A security system that monitors network or system activity for signs of intrusion or malicious activity, and alerts security personnel.
  • Intrusion Detection System (IDS): A security system that monitors network traffic for signs of intrusion or unauthorized activity.
  • Intrusion Detection System (IDS): A software or hardware system that monitors a network or a computer for suspicious activity and alerts administrators when it detects an intrusion or attack.
  • Intrusion Detection System (IDS): A type of security system that monitors network traffic for signs of potential security threats and alerts security administrators of any suspicious activity.
  • Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): A security system that monitors network or system activity for signs of intrusion or malicious activity, and automatically takes action to prevent it.
  • Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): A security system that monitors network traffic for signs of intrusion or unauthorized activity and takes actions to prevent or block the intrusion.
  • Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): A type of security system that monitors network traffic for signs of potential security threats and takes proactive measures to prevent the threat from compromising the network. An IPS can block network traffic or alert security administrators, depending on the specific system and configuration.
  • Latency: The amount of time it takes for a network packet to travel from the source to the destination.
  • Load Balancer: A device or software that distributes network traffic evenly across multiple servers, improving the reliability and performance of a network.
  • Machine Learning (ML): A subfield of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to automatically improve their performance on a specific task through experience.
  • Machine Learning (ML): A type of artificial intelligence that enables systems to automatically learn and improve from experience, without being explicitly programmed.
  • Machine Learning: A subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on the development of algorithms and models that allow systems to learn from and make predictions based on data.
  • Machine Learning: A type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to automatically improve their performance on a specific task, often through the use of algorithms that learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed.
  • Malware: A software designed to cause harm to a computer system, network, or individual user, such as viruses, trojans, spyware, and ransomware
  • Malware: A term that encompasses all forms of malicious software, including viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Malware can cause a wide range of harm, from theft of sensitive information to disruption of computer systems and networks.
  • Malware: A term used to describe malicious software, including viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, and adware.
  • Malware: A type of software designed to harm or exploit a computer system, often for malicious purposes such as stealing personal information.
  • Malware: A type of software that is designed to cause harm to a computer or device, often by stealing sensitive information, altering or destroying data, or taking control of the system.
  • Malware: Any software that is designed to harm or exploit a computer or device, including viruses, Trojans, worms, and spyware.
  • Malware: Any type of malicious software designed to cause harm to a computer system, such as viruses, Trojans, or spyware.
  • Malware: Malicious software that is designed to harm or exploit a computer system, such as viruses, Trojans, worms, spyware, and ransomware.
  • Malware: Short for “malicious software”, a type of software designed to cause harm to a computer system, often used to steal sensitive information, disrupt system operations, or spread itself to other systems.
  • Malware: Short for “malicious software,” a general term used to describe any type of software that is designed to cause harm to a computer system or network.
  • Malware: Short for “malicious software,” a term used to describe any type of software designed to harm or exploit a computer system, such as viruses, worms, and Trojans.
  • Malware: Short for “malicious software,” malware is any software designed to cause harm to a system or network. Malware can take many forms, including viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware.
  • Malware: Short for malicious software, any software that is intentionally designed to cause harm to a computer system or network.
  • Malware: Short for malicious software, refers to any program or code that is designed to cause harm to a computer system, network, or software application. Examples include viruses, worms, Trojans, and ransomware.
  • Malware: Short for malicious software, refers to any program or code that is designed to harm or exploit a computer system, network, or device.
  • Malware: Short for malicious software, refers to any software that is designed to harm or exploit a computer system or network. Types of malware include viruses, worms, Trojans, and ransomware.
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack: A type of attack in which the attacker intercepts and eavesdrops on communications between two systems, often to steal sensitive information or to manipulate the communication for malicious purposes.
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack: A type of attack in which the attacker intercepts and manipulates communication between two parties, without either party being aware of the attack.
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack: A type of attack where an attacker intercepts and manipulates communication between two parties, often by posing as a trusted entity in the communication
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack: A type of attack where an attacker intercepts and potentially modifies the communication between two parties, often used to steal sensitive information or perform other malicious activities.
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack: A type of cyber attack in which an attacker intercepts and alters the communication between two parties in order to steal sensitive information or carry out other malicious activities.
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack: A type of cyber attack in which the attacker intercepts and manipulates communication between two parties, often to steal sensitive information or inject malicious content.
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack: An attack in which an attacker intercepts and alters communication between two parties, often to steal sensitive information or perform other malicious actions.
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MitM): A type of attack in which an attacker intercepts and potentially modifies the communication between two parties.
  • Man-in-the-middle Attack (MITM): A type of cyber attack where an attacker intercepts and manipulates communication between two parties, in order to steal sensitive information, inject false information, or alter the behavior of the systems involved.
  • Man-in-the-Middle Attack: A type of attack in which an attacker intercepts and manipulates communications between two parties, often to steal sensitive information or to alter the content of the communication.
  • Man-in-the-Middle Attack: A type of cyber attack in which the attacker intercepts and alters communication between two parties.
  • Microservices: An approach to software development in which a large application is broken down into a collection of small, independent services that can be developed, deployed, and managed independently.
  • Mobile Device Management (MDM): The practice of managing and securing mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, often including measures such as device configuration, app management, and security updates.
  • Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): A security process that requires multiple methods of authentication, such as a password and a fingerprint, a smart card and a PIN, or a one-time code sent via text or email, in order to confirm the identity of a user and grant them access to a system or service.
  • Multifactor Authentication: A method of authentication that requires users to provide multiple forms of authentication, such as a password and a security token, to increase the security of the authentication process.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP): A field of artificial intelligence concerned with the interaction between computers and humans using natural language.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP): A field of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and humans in natural language, often used for tasks such as speech recognition, text classification, and machine translation.
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP): A subfield of AI that focuses on the interactions between computers and humans using natural language.
  • Network Address Translation (NAT): A technique for allowing multiple devices on a private network to access the Internet using a single public IP address.
  • Network Interface Card (NIC): A hardware component that provides a connection between a computer and a network.
  • Network Security: The practice of protecting a computer network and its resources from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
  • Optical Fiber: A type of cable that uses light to transmit data over long distances.
  • Password Manager: A tool that helps users generate and store strong passwords, often encrypted and accessible with a master password.
  • Patch Management: The practice of applying software updates and security patches to systems and applications in a timely manner to prevent vulnerabilities from being exploited by attackers.
  • Patch Management: The process of updating software or hardware to fix security vulnerabilities and other bugs. Patch management is an important aspect of overall security, as it can help prevent attackers from exploiting known vulnerabilities.
  • Patch: A software update that fixes vulnerabilities or improves the functionality of a computer system, network, or software application.
  • Payload: The part of a malware or virus that performs the malicious actions, such as stealing sensitive information, spreading the malware to other systems, or performing DDoS attacks.
  • Penetration Testing: A type of security testing that involves attempting to simulate an attacker’s actions to identify security weaknesses in a system or network. Penetration testing is often performed by ethical hackers, and can help organizations to identify potential security risks, prioritize remediation efforts, and measure the effectiveness of existing security controls.
  • Penetration Testing: A type of security testing that simulates an attack on a system or network to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited by an attacker. Penetration testing is performed by security professionals, and can help organizations to identify and remediate security weaknesses before they can be exploited.
  • Penetration Testing: The practice of simulating a cyber attack on a computer system or network to identify security vulnerabilities and evaluate the effectiveness of the security measures.
  • Penetration Testing: The practice of simulating a cyber attack on a system, network, or application to identify and assess its vulnerabilities and to improve its security posture.
  • Phishing Attack: A type of social engineering attack in which the attacker disguises themselves as a trustworthy entity to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or compromising the security of a system or network.
  • Phishing: A type of cyber attack that involves tricking users into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials or credit card numbers, through fake emails, websites, or pop-up windows.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack in which a threat actor poses as a trustworthy entity (such as a bank, a company, or a government agency) and tries to trick the victim into revealing sensitive information (such as passwords, credit card numbers, or Social Security numbers).
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack in which an attacker uses a fake email or website to trick a user into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card numbers.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack in which an attacker uses emails, text messages, or websites that appear to be from a legitimate source to trick individuals into providing sensitive information or clicking on links that install malware.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack in which the attacker tries to trick the victim into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card numbers, by posing as a trusted entity.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that aims to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card numbers, by posing as a trustworthy entity.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that attempts to trick a user into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials or financial information, through emails, messages, or fake websites.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that attempts to trick individuals into divulging confidential information, often through fake emails or websites that appear to be from a legitimate source.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that involves tricking a user into providing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card numbers, or social security numbers, through a fake website or email. Phishing attacks can be used for a variety of purposes, including identity theft, financial fraud, and data theft.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that involves tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials, credit card numbers, or personal data, by posing as a trustworthy entity, such as a bank, a government agency, or a well-known company.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that seeks to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or financial information, by posing as a trustworthy entity. Phishing attacks can take many forms, including emails, text messages, and fake websites.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that uses fraudulent emails or websites to steal sensitive information, often by tricking the victim into entering their login credentials.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that uses fraudulent emails or websites to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or financial information. Phishing attacks often use tactics such as creating a sense of urgency, impersonating a trusted entity, or using a fake sense of security to gain a victim’s trust.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that uses fraudulent emails or websites to trick victims into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials or financial information.
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack where an attacker poses as a trusted entity in an attempt to trick individuals into disclosing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card numbers
  • Phishing: A type of social engineering attack where attackers trick victims into revealing sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, and financial information, by posing as a trustworthy entity
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): A cloud computing model in which a platform for developing, running, and managing applications and services is delivered over the internet, rather than being installed locally on individual devices.
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): A cloud computing service model in which the provider offers a platform for developing, running, and managing applications, without the need for the customer to own or manage the underlying infrastructure.
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): A delivery model for cloud computing in which a third-party provider offers a platform for developing, running, and managing software applications, without the need for infrastructure or platform management.
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): A type of cloud computing that delivers a platform for the development, deployment, and management of applications and services, often on a subscription basis and managed by the service provider.
  • Pretexting: A type of social engineering attack in which an attacker creates a false scenario or situation in order to obtain sensitive information or access to systems or resources.
  • Private Cloud: A cloud computing model in which the infrastructure and services are dedicated to a single organization, and not shared with other organizations.
  • Public Cloud: A cloud computing model in which the infrastructure and services are owned and operated by a third-party provider, and made available to the public over the Internet.
  • Public Key Encryption: A type of encryption that uses a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption, often used for secure communication and digital signatures.
  • Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A set of hardware, software, people, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates, often used for secure communication and data transfer over networks.
  • Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.
  • Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A system for securely transmitting and storing encrypted data, often used for secure electronic transactions and communication.
  • Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A system of digital certificates, certificate authorities, and other components used to secure electronic transactions, such as secure web browsing and email.
  • Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): A system that uses public and private key encryption to secure communication and validate digital certificates.
  • Ransomware: A type of malicious software that encrypts a victim’s files and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key. Ransomware attacks can cause significant financial and operational damage to organizations.
  • Ransomware: A type of malicious software that encrypts a victim’s files and demands payment, typically in cryptocurrency, in exchange for the decryption key. Ransomware attacks can cause significant financial loss and disruption, and can be difficult to prevent and recover from.
  • Ransomware: A type of malicious software that encrypts the victim’s files and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.
  • Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts a user’s data and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key.
  • Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts a user’s files and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.
  • Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts a victim’s files and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.
  • Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts a victim’s files and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key.
  • Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts the user’s files and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key, often to prevent the user from accessing their own data.
  • Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts the victim’s files and demands payment in exchange for a decryption key, often causing significant disruption to the victim’s operations.
  • Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts the victim’s files and demands payment, often in the form of cryptocurrency, in exchange for the decryption key.
  • Red Team: A security team responsible for simulating cyber attacks to test the security measures and response capabilities of an organization.
  • Remote Access: The ability to access a computer or network from a remote location, often through the Internet.
  • Remote Code Execution (RCE): A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code on a target system, often remotely, and potentially take full control of the system.
  • Remote Code Execution (RCE): A type of security vulnerability that allows attackers to execute code remotely on a target system, potentially giving them full control over the system
  • RESTful API: An API that follows the principles of Representational State Transfer (REST), a software architecture style for building web services.
  • Risk Management: The process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks to an organization, and implementing measures to reduce or mitigate those risks.
  • Root Access: The highest level of access to a computer or device, allowing the user to perform any action, including modifying system files and installing software.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that allows attackers to gain administrative access to a compromised system, while hiding their presence and activities from system administrators and security software
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that gains unauthorized access to a computer system or network, often by hiding itself from the operating system and other security measures, and is used to control the system or steal sensitive information.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that hides itself and its actions from the operating system, making it difficult to detect and remove.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that is designed to conceal its presence and activities on a computer or device, often by hiding or replacing system files and intercepting system calls.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that is designed to conceal the existence of other malicious software or processes running on a computer.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that is designed to hide its presence on a system or network, and to evade detection by security software. Rootkits can be used to carry out malicious actions, such as data theft or remote control of the infected system.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that is designed to hide its presence on a system, as well as the presence of other malware. Rootkits can be difficult to detect and remove, as they often hide themselves in the operating system or system firmware.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that is designed to hide itself and its activities from detection, often by exploiting vulnerabilities in the operating system.
  • Rootkit: A type of malicious software that is designed to hide itself and its activities from the system and the user. Rootkits can be used to take control of a system, steal sensitive information, or carry out other malicious activities.
  • Rootkit: A type of malware that hides its presence and activities on a computer, by modifying the operating system, hiding files and processes, and intercepting or redirecting system calls, in order to evade detection and control the system remotely.
  • Rootkit: A type of malware that hides itself and its activities from the operating system, often to evade detection by antivirus and other security software, and to maintain unauthorized access to the system.
  • Rootkit: A type of malware that hides itself from the operating system and other security software, making it difficult to detect and remove.
  • Rootkit: A type of malware that is designed to hide its presence on a computer system or network, often to avoid detection by security software.
  • Rootkit: A type of malware that operates at a low level of the operating system and is designed to hide itself and other malicious activities from detection, often used by attackers to maintain a persistent presence on a compromised system.
  • Router: A network device that forwards network traffic between different networks based on the destination address of the network packets.
  • Routing: The process of forwarding network traffic from one network to another, based on the destination address of the network packets.
  • RSA Key: A type of public-key cryptography that is widely used for secure data transmission
  • Sandbox: A secure environment that isolates an application or process from the rest of the system, used for testing or to prevent malware from spreading.
  • Sandbox: A security feature that allows software to run in an isolated environment, often used to prevent malware from affecting the underlying system.
  • Sandbox: A virtual environment that allows software to run and be tested without affecting the underlying operating system or other software.
  • Sandbox: An isolated environment used to run potentially untrusted or malicious code, often used to prevent it from affecting the rest of the system or network.
  • Sandboxing: A technique for isolating an application or process from the rest of the system, to prevent malicious code from affecting other parts of the system.
  • Session Hijacking: An attack in which an attacker takes over a valid user session, often by stealing session tokens or cookies, to access sensitive information or perform other malicious actions.
  • Single Sign-On (SSO): A method of authentication that allows users to access multiple systems with a single set of credentials, improving the efficiency and security of the authentication process.
  • Single Sign-On (SSO): An authentication process that allows users to access multiple systems or applications with a single set of login credentials, reducing the need for multiple usernames and passwords.
  • Smart Contract: A computer program that automatically executes the terms of a contract when specified conditions are met, using blockchain technology.
  • Smart Contract: A self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller being directly written into lines of code on a blockchain network.
  • Smart Contract: A self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement directly written into code, often used in blockchain technology.
  • Social Engineering: A type of attack that manipulates individuals into divulging confidential information, often through tactics such as phishing, pretexting, baiting, and tailgating.
  • Social Engineering: A type of attack that relies on human interaction and manipulation to trick users into divulging sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security.
  • Social Engineering: A type of attack that relies on psychological manipulation to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security. Social engineering attacks can take many forms, including phishing, baiting, and pretexting.
  • Social Engineering: A type of attack that relies on tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that are harmful to the security of a system.
  • Social Engineering: A type of attack that uses psychological manipulation to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security. Social engineering attacks can take many forms, including phishing emails, phone scams, and pretexting.
  • Social Engineering: A type of attack that uses psychological manipulation to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that compromise the security of a system or network.
  • Social Engineering: A type of cyber attack in which the attacker uses psychological manipulation to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that compromise the security of a system or network.
  • Social Engineering: A type of cyber attack that relies on psychological manipulation to trick users into revealing sensitive information or carrying out actions that compromise the security of their systems.
  • Social Engineering: The act of tricking or manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that put their systems and organizations at risk.
  • Social Engineering: The use of deception, manipulation, or influence to trick individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that may be harmful.
  • Social Engineering: The use of psychological manipulation and deception techniques to trick individuals into performing actions or revealing sensitive information, such as clicking on a link, downloading an attachment, or providing login credentials.
  • Social Engineering: The use of psychological manipulation or deceit to trick individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that may compromise the security of an organization
  • Social Engineering: The use of psychological manipulation or deception to trick individuals into divulging confidential information or to gain unauthorized access to systems or resources.
  • Social Engineering: The use of psychological manipulation or deception to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing certain actions.
  • Social Engineering: The use of psychological manipulation to trick individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions, often used by attackers to gain unauthorized access to systems or data.
  • Social Engineering: The use of psychological manipulation to trick people into divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security.
  • Social Engineering: The use of psychological manipulation to trick users into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that compromise the security of their devices or networks.
  • Software as a Service (SaaS): A cloud computing model in which software applications are delivered over the internet on a subscription basis, rather than being installed locally on individual devices.
  • Software as a Service (SaaS): A cloud computing service model in which the provider offers a software application over the Internet, typically accessed through a web browser.
  • Software as a Service (SaaS): A delivery model for software applications in which the software is hosted by a third-party provider and made available to users over the Internet, typically on a subscription basis.
  • Software as a Service (SaaS): A type of cloud computing that delivers applications over the internet, often on a subscription basis, and managed by the service provider, rather than being installed on local computers.
  • Spam: Unsolicited email or message, often for commercial purposes, that is sent in bulk to a large number of recipients.
  • Spam: Unsolicited or unwanted electronic messages, often used for phishing or promoting scams.
  • Spoofing: A type of attack in which an attacker impersonates another device or user in order to gain unauthorized access to a system or steal sensitive information.
  • Spoofing: A type of attack in which the attacker disguises their identity or the source of a message, often to trick the recipient into divulging confidential information or to gain unauthorized access to a system.
  • Spoofing: A type of attack in which the attacker pretends to be someone else, or something else, in order to gain access to information or systems.
  • Spoofing: A type of cyber attack in which an attacker impersonates another entity to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or resources. Examples of spoofing attacks include email spoofing, IP spoofing, and ARP spoofing.
  • Spyware: A type of malicious software that is designed to collect and transmit sensitive information, such as user activity and keystrokes, without the user’s knowledge or consent.
  • Spyware: A type of malware that collects sensitive information from a computer system, often by monitoring the user’s web browsing habits or keystrokes, without the user’s knowledge or consent.
  • Spyware: A type of malware that is designed to gather information about a user’s computer or device usage and send it back to the attacker, often without the user’s knowledge or consent.
  • Spyware: A type of software that collects information about the user’s activities, often without their knowledge or consent, and transmits it to another party for malicious purposes, such as advertising or identity theft.
  • Spyware: A type of software that is designed to collect information about a user’s activities or system, and to transmit that information to a third party without the user’s knowledge or consent. Spyware can be used for a variety of purposes, including data theft, advertising, and online tracking.
  • Spyware: A type of software that is designed to collect information from the user’s device without their knowledge, often used for malicious purposes such as identity theft.
  • Spyware: Software that is installed on a computer or device without the user’s knowledge or consent, and is used to collect personal or sensitive information.
  • SQL Injection Attack: A type of security vulnerability in which an attacker injects malicious SQL commands into a web application to manipulate or extract sensitive data from a database.
  • SQL Injection: A type of attack in which an attacker injects malicious code into a website’s SQL database to extract sensitive information or manipulate data.
  • SQL Injection: A type of attack that exploits vulnerabilities in the structure and security of database management systems, often by injecting malicious SQL code into database queries, to steal or modify sensitive data.
  • SQL Injection: A type of security vulnerability in databases, where attackers inject malicious code into database queries, allowing them to steal or manipulate data stored in the database
  • SQL Injection: A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary SQL commands on a database by injecting malicious code into a web form or API endpoint.
  • SQL Injection: A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute malicious SQL code on a database, potentially compromising its contents or allowing unauthorized access.
  • SQL Injection: A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute malicious SQL code on a database. This can result in the theft of sensitive information or the manipulation of data.
  • SQL Injection: A type of security vulnerability that occurs in database applications, and that allows an attacker to inject malicious code into a SQL query, and thereby gain unauthorized access to sensitive data stored in the database. SQL injection attacks can cause significant harm, including data theft, disruption of business operations, and reputational damage.
  • SQL Injection: A type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker inserts malicious SQL commands into a database query, often used to steal or modify sensitive information stored in the database.
  • SQL Injection: A type of security vulnerability that occurs when malicious code is injected into a database using SQL (Structured Query Language) commands.
  • SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) / TLS (Transport Layer Security): A protocol used to secure communication over the Internet, often used for secure electronic transactions and communication.
  • Strong Authentication: A method of authentication that requires multiple forms of authentication, such as passwords and security tokens, to increase the security of the authentication process.
  • Strong Password: A password that is difficult for an attacker to guess or crack, often satisfying specific requirements such as length, complexity, and unique characters.
  • Switch: A network device that connects devices on a network and forwards network traffic between them.
  • Symmetric Encryption: An encryption method in which the same secret key is used to encrypt and decrypt data.
  • Threat Intelligence: Information gathered from a variety of sources about threats to an organization, often used to inform security planning, decision making, and incident response.
  • Token: A unit of value that is created and traded on a blockchain network, often representing a specific asset or utility.
  • Trojan: A type of malicious software that is disguised as a legitimate program, and that is designed to carry out harmful actions, such as data theft or remote control of the infected system. Trojans are often delivered as part of phishing attacks or as part of software downloads.
  • Trojan: A type of malware that disguises itself as a harmless program but actually allows unauthorized access to a computer system.
  • Trojan: A type of malware that disguises itself as a legitimate program, but is actually designed to carry out malicious activities on a victim’s system. Trojans can be used to steal sensitive information, take control of a system, or install other types of malware.
  • Trojan: A type of malware that disguises itself as a legitimate program, but secretly performs malicious activities in the background.
  • Trojan: A type of malware that disguises itself as a legitimate software or file, but contains hidden malicious code that can be used to steal sensitive information or control the system.
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): A method of authentication that requires the user to provide two forms of identification, one of which is usually a physical token or a password.
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): A security mechanism that requires a user to provide two forms of authentication, typically something the user knows (such as a password) and something the user has (such as a security token or mobile device), in order to access a system or service.
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): A security process that requires two separate means of authentication to log in to an account or system, such as a password and a security token.
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): A type of authentication that requires a user to provide two forms of identification, such as a password and a security token, in order to access a system or network. 2FA provides an additional layer of security, as an attacker would need to compromise both forms of identification in order to gain access.
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): An authentication method that requires two forms of identification, such as a password and a one-time code sent to a user’s mobile device
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): An authentication method that requires two types of authentication methods to verify the identity of the user. Examples of 2FA include using a password and a security token, or using a password and a smart card.
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): An authentication process that requires the use of two independent factors, such as a password and a security token, to access a system or resource, often used to increase the security of online accounts.
  • Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): An extra layer of security that requires users to provide two forms of identification, such as a password and a security token, to access an online account.
  • Virtual Machine (VM): An instance of a virtual operating system that runs on a host computer and is isolated from the host operating system.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A private network that is built on top of a public network, such as the internet, and uses encryption and other security measures to protect data transmitted over the network.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A secure and encrypted connection between a device and a network over the internet, allowing users to access resources on the network as if they were directly connected to it
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A secure and encrypted connection between two or more devices, used to protect data transmitted over a public or untrusted network.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A secure network connection that allows users to access a private network over the Internet, often used to protect sensitive data and online privacy.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A secure, encrypted connection between a device and a network, often used to protect sensitive data and to allow remote access to the network.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A technology that allows users to securely access a private network over the Internet, by creating an encrypted connection between the user’s device and the VPN server.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A technology that allows users to securely access a private network over the internet, often used to securely connect to remote networks, protect internet traffic, and bypass internet censorship.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A technology that allows users to securely access a private network over the public Internet, often used to securely access sensitive information or to bypass network restrictions.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A technology that creates a secure and encrypted connection over the internet, between a device and a remote server, in order to protect sensitive information and secure online communications, such as remote work, online banking, and confidential file sharing.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection over a public network, such as the Internet, allowing users to securely access resources on a private network.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A type of network that allows users to securely access a private network over the internet, often used to securely connect to remote networks or to protect the privacy of internet connections.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A type of private network that enables secure remote access to an organization’s resources by using a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A type of secure network connection that allows remote users to securely access a private network over the internet.
  • Virtual Private Network (VPN): A type of secure network that enables users to securely access a private network over the internet. VPNs are commonly used to provide remote access to a corporate network, as well as to encrypt internet traffic.
  • Virus: A type of malicious software that infects a computer or network, and can replicate and spread to other systems. Viruses can cause a wide range of harm, from disrupting computer systems and networks to stealing sensitive information.
  • Virus: A type of malware that replicates itself and infects other files or systems, often by attaching itself to legitimate software or files.
  • Virus: A type of malware that replicates itself and spreads from one computer to another, often causing harm to the infected systems.
  • Virus: A type of malware that replicates itself by infecting other files or programs on a computer system.
  • Virus: A type of malware that replicates itself by infecting other files or programs, often causing harm to the infected system.
  • Virus: A type of malware that spreads by infecting other files and programs, often causing harm to the infected system or network.
  • Virus: A type of malware that spreads by replicating itself on a computer or network, often causing harm to the system or data.
  • VPN (Virtual Private Network): A private network that allows users to securely access a public network, such as the internet, from a remote location.
  • Vulnerability Assessment: The process of identifying and assessing the security vulnerabilities of a computer system or network.
  • Vulnerability Scanning: A type of security testing that automatically scans a system or network for known vulnerabilities, and reports the results to the system administrator. Vulnerability scanning can help organizations to identify and prioritize security weaknesses, and to plan and implement remediation efforts.
  • Vulnerability: A security weakness in a software, system, or network that can be exploited by an attacker to compromise its security.
  • Vulnerability: A weakness in a computer system, network, or software application that could be exploited by a threat actor to gain unauthorized access or perform malicious activities.
  • Vulnerability: A weakness or flaw in a software application or operating system that can be exploited by an attacker to perform a malicious action.
  • Watering Hole Attack: A type of attack in which an attacker targets a specific website or group of websites that are likely to be visited by specific individuals in order to infect their devices with malware.
  • Web Application Firewall (WAF): A security system that sits between a website and the internet, designed to protect web applications from malicious traffic and attacks.
  • White Hat Hacker: A security professional who uses their technical skills to help organizations identify and fix vulnerabilities in their systems, with the goal of making them more secure.
  • Wireless Access Point (WAP): A device that allows devices on a wired network to access a wireless network.
  • Worm: A self-replicating malware that spreads by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems, software or networks.
  • Worm: A type of malicious software that spreads from computer to computer, without requiring any action on the part of the user. Worms can cause significant harm to computer systems and networks, and can be difficult to detect and remove.
  • Worm: A type of malicious software that spreads itself to other computers without the user’s knowledge or consent.
  • Worm: A type of malware that replicates itself over a network, without requiring human interaction.
  • Worm: A type of malware that spreads itself automatically to other systems, often through network vulnerabilities or by exploiting security weaknesses in other systems.
  • Worm: A type of malware that spreads itself from one computer to another, often exploiting security vulnerabilities to infect new systems.
  • Worm: A type of malware that spreads itself to other systems through networks, often causing harm to the infected systems.
  • Worm: A type of malware that spreads rapidly through a computer network, often causing harm to systems and data.
  • XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject malicious code into a website viewed by other users, potentially stealing sensitive information or performing unauthorized actions.
  • XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): A type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users.
  • YARA: A tool used for identifying and categorizing malware based on patterns in the code or behavior
  • Zero Trust: A cybersecurity concept that assumes that all parties and devices within a network are untrusted, and implements security measures to ensure that every access attempt is verified and authenticated.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A security vulnerability that is unknown to the software or system vendor and can be exploited by attackers to carry out malicious activities.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of attack that leverages a previously unknown vulnerability in software or hardware, before a patch or a fix is available, in order to compromise the affected system and steal or destroy data, or install malware.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of attack that takes advantage of a previously unknown vulnerability in a software application or operating system, before a patch is available.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of attack that takes advantage of a previously unknown vulnerability in a system or software, allowing the attacker to gain unauthorized access or cause damage before the vulnerability has been patched.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of attack that takes advantage of a previously unknown vulnerability in software or hardware. Zero-day exploits are particularly dangerous, as they can be used to compromise systems before a patch is available.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of computer attack that takes advantage of a previously unknown vulnerability in software, before the software vendor has released a patch to fix the issue
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of cyber attack that takes advantage of a previously unknown vulnerability in a software or system. The term “zero-day” refers to the fact that the vendor or owner of the software has zero days to patch the vulnerability once it has been discovered.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of security vulnerability in which an attacker takes advantage of a previously unknown vulnerability in a software application or operating system to perform a malicious action.
  • Zero-Day Exploit: A type of security vulnerability that is unknown to the vendor and can be exploited by attackers before a patch is available.
  • Zero-Day Vulnerability: A security vulnerability that is unknown to the software vendor or the public and is actively being exploited by attackers.
  • Zero-day vulnerability: A vulnerability that is unknown to the software vendor or the general public, and can be exploited by a threat actor before a patch is released to fix it.
  • Zero-Day: A type of cyber attack that takes advantage of an unknown security vulnerability before it has been discovered and patched by the vendor.
  • Zombie Network: A network of infected computers that are controlled remotely by a malicious actor, without the knowledge or consent of their owners. These compromised machines, known as “zombies,” can be used to launch large-scale cyber attacks, such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.