• Abstract: A summary of a research article, book, or another resource, often providing a condensed overview of the work’s main points, conclusions, and relevance.
    • Academia.edu: A social networking site for researchers, allowing them to share their research, follow the work of others, and connect with potential collaborators.
    • Altmetric Attention Score: A measure of the impact and influence of a research paper or author on social media, news outlets, blogs, and other online sources, based on the number and diversity of online mentions and mentions.
    • Altmetric: A tool that tracks the online attention and impact of scholarly articles and other research outputs, such as blog posts, social media, and news outlets.
    • Altmetrics: Alternative measures of the impact and influence of academic research, beyond traditional metrics such as citation counts, often used to capture the broader impact of research in social media, blogs, policy documents, and more.
    • Altmetrics: Alternative metrics that go beyond traditional citation counts to measure the impact and influence of a research paper or author on social media, news outlets, blogs, and other online sources.
    • Altmetrics: Alternative metrics used to evaluate the impact and visibility of scholarly works beyond traditional citation metrics, often including social media mentions, online news coverage, and online usage metrics.
    • Altmetrics: Metrics that go beyond traditional citations and bibliometrics to measure the impact and reach of scholarly works and research outputs across a variety of platforms and media, including social media, blogs, and news outlets.
    • Altmetrics: Metrics that measure the impact and influence of scholarly outputs, such as research articles, beyond traditional citation metrics, by capturing online activity and attention, such as social media mentions, online downloads, and blog posts.
    • Altmetrics: Metrics that provide alternative ways to measure the impact of research beyond traditional citation counts, such as social media mentions, policy documents, and media coverage.
    • Animal subjects: Animals used in research studies, often subject to ethical considerations and protections, such as humane treatment and minimization of harm.
    • Annotated bibliography: A list of references or sources used for research or study, often included at the end of a scholarly paper or publication, and accompanied by a brief summary and critical evaluation of each source.
    • Annotation: A note or comment added to a resource, often providing additional information, context, or critical analysis of the work.
    • APA (American Psychological Association) Style: A citation style commonly used in the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, and education.
    • APA Style: The citation and reference style used in the social sciences, as established by the American Psychological Association.
    • Archival source: A source that is housed in an archive or library, often original and rare materials that provide primary information for research.
    • Archive: A collection of historical or cultural materials, often maintained for preservation and research purposes.
    • Archiving: The preservation and long-term storage of digital resources, often in secure and trustworthy repositories, to ensure their availability and accessibility for future generations.
    • ArXiv: A free online repository of scholarly articles in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, and related disciplines, often used as a source of pre-print articles.
    • ArXiv: An open-access repository of over a million scholarly articles in mathematics, physics, computer science, and other related fields, hosted by Cornell University Library.
    • Attribution: The act of acknowledging the source of a specific piece of information or idea, often used to give credit to the original author or creator.
    • Author: The person or entity responsible for creating the work being cited.
    • Author-Date System: A citation style that uses in-text citations and a reference list to give credit to sources and provide information about the authors, dates of publication, and other relevant details. The most common author-date system is the Harvard style, but other author-date systems include the APA, Chicago, and MLA styles.
    • Author-Level Metrics: Metrics that evaluate the impact of an individual author’s research outputs, rather than the journal or institution they are affiliated with.
    • Bibliographic citation: A citation listed in a bibliography or reference list at the end of a written work.
    • Bibliographic Database: A digital database that contains bibliographic information about scholarly works, including author, title, publication details, and abstract.
    • Bibliographic database: An electronic database that provides access to information about published works, often including bibliographic records for books, articles, and other forms of knowledge, as well as abstracts or full-text versions of works.
    • Bibliography: A list of references or sources used for research or study, often included at the end of a scholarly paper or publication, and organized alphabetically by the authors’ last names or by the type of source.
    • Bibliography: A list of resources consulted in the preparation of a document, often including works that were not directly cited in the text but that were relevant or useful in the research process.
    • Bibliography: A list of sources cited in a research paper or article, including books, articles, and other types of materials. Bibliographies are often formatted according to a specific citation style and can include additional information about the sources beyond what is included in in-text citations.
    • Bibliography: A list of sources cited in a research paper or other document, often placed at the end of the document and formatted in accordance with a specific citation style.
    • Bibliography: A list of sources that have been consulted in the creation of a written work, regardless of whether they have been cited directly.
    • Bibliography: A list of sources used in a written work, often provided at the end of the work and organized in a specific format, such as MLA or APA.
    • Bibliometrics: The study and application of mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and evaluate the impact and influence of scholarly publications and authors.
    • Bibliometrics: The study and use of quantitative data about scientific literature, including citation counts and impact metrics, to evaluate and compare the performance and impact of researchers, institutions, and journals.
    • Bibliometrics: The study of quantitative aspects of written works and their authors, often used to evaluate the impact and visibility of scholarly works and researchers.
    • Bibliometrics: The use of quantitative methods to study the publication and citation patterns of authors, journals, institutions, and fields.
    • Blind peer review: A form of peer review in which the identity of the author is kept anonymous, often used to prevent bias in the evaluation process.
    • Bullet Point List All Cite: Terminology and Related Definitions.
    • Chicago Style: A citation style commonly used in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, including history, political science, and biology.
    • Chicago Style: The citation and reference style used in history and the arts, as established by the University of Chicago Press.
    • Citation Analysis: A method of evaluating the impact and influence of a research paper, author, journal, or field, based on the number and types of citations it receives.
    • Citation Analysis: A research method that uses bibliometric data and citation counts to evaluate the impact and visibility of scholarly works, authors, and journals.
    • Citation analysis: The process of examining and analyzing the citations in a set of academic works, often used to evaluate the impact and influence of specific authors, journals, or research areas.
    • Citation Analysis: The study and analysis of the citations received by scholarly publications and authors, to measure their impact and influence.
    • Citation Analysis: The study of the number and pattern of citations to authors, journals, institutions, and fields, as a measure of their impact and influence.
    • Citation Bias: A type of bias that occurs when certain authors, journals, or sources are systematically over- or under-cited, leading to an inaccurate representation of the scientific literature.
    • Citation Cartel: A group of researchers or journals that engage in excessive self-citation or cross-citation, to artificially inflate their impact factor and visibility.
    • Citation Management Software: Software tools that help researchers manage, organize, and analyze their citations and references, and format their bibliographies and papers.
    • Citation Mapping: The use of visualization techniques to show the relationships between authors, institutions, journals, and fields based on their citation patterns.
    • Citation Network Analysis: The study of the relationships between authors, institutions, journals, and fields based on their citation patterns, using network analysis techniques such as graph theory.
    • Citation style: A set of guidelines and rules for formatting citations and references, often used to ensure consistency and clarity in the presentation of information. Examples include MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard citation styles.
    • Citation Style: A set of rules and conventions for formatting citations and references in academic writing, including citation formats, punctuation, capitalization, and reference lists.
    • Citation Style: The format used for in-text citations and bibliographies, often following specific guidelines and conventions set by a particular discipline or publication venue.
    • Citation style: The specific format and layout used to format citations and bibliographic references, often based on specific citation guidelines or style manuals, such as MLA, APA, Chicago, and more.
    • Citation: A reference to a source, often including the author, title, and publication information, used to support an argument or claim in written work.
    • Cited-by Index: A measure of the impact and influence of a research paper, author, or institution, based on the number of times it has been cited by other publications.
    • CiteScore: A metric that measures the average number of citations received by articles in a given journal, over a three-year period, as a measure of the journal’s impact and influence.
    • Co-Authorship Network Analysis: The study of the relationships between authors based on their pattern of co-authorship, or the number of times they have published together.
    • Co-Citation Analysis: The study of the relationships between authors and journals based on the pattern of co-citations, or the number of times they are cited together in the same publication.
    • Co-Citation: A citation of two or more works together, indicating that they are related and/or have been referenced together.
    • Conference paper: A paper presented at a conference or symposium, often published in a conference proceedings or as a preprint, that reports on original research or provides a review of current research in a specific field.
    • Confidentiality: The principle of keeping information private and protected from unauthorized access and disclosure, often of concern in research projects involving sensitive information and human participants.
    • Copyright Infringement: The unauthorized use of someone else’s protected work, such as a book, article, or image, in violation of the owner’s exclusive rights. Copyright infringement is illegal and can result in fines and legal penalties.
    • Copyright: A legal right that gives the creator or owner of a work the exclusive right to use, distribute, or sell the work, often used to protect creative works such as books, music, and software.
    • Copyright: A set of exclusive legal rights granted to the creator of a creative work, such as a book, article, or song, giving them the right to control how the work is used and distributed.
    • Copyright: Legal protection for original works, including literary, artistic, and musical works, providing the creator with exclusive rights to use and distribute the work.
    • Copyright: The legal protection given to creators of original works, such as books, articles, music, and software, often used to protect their rights to control and profit from the use of their work.
    • Creative Commons license: A type of open license that allows creators to give permission for others to use their works in certain ways, often used to promote sharing and reuse of creative works.
    • Creative Commons: A non-profit organization that provides a flexible system of copyright licenses, allowing creators to share their works with others while maintaining control over how their works are used and distributed.
    • Creative Commons: A non-profit organization that provides free licenses and tools to help copyright owners share their work with the public while retaining some rights.
    • Creative Commons: A non-profit organization that provides free, flexible, and user-friendly copyright licenses to allow creators to share their work and give others the right to use and build upon it, often with certain conditions, such as attribution or non-commercial use.
    • Cross-Citation: A practice in which authors cite each other’s work, potentially leading to a network of mutual citations that does not reflect the true impact and importance of the research.
    • Data citation: The practice of citing and giving credit to the creators and sources of research data, often used to promote the visibility and impact of research data and to support reproducibility and transparency in research.
    • Data citation: The practice of citing data and other research outputs, often in a manner similar to the citation of journal articles or other scholarly works, providing proper attribution and allowing others to access and verify the underlying data.
    • Data citation: The practice of citing research data, often used to give credit to the creators and contributors of research data, and to ensure transparency and reproducibility of research.
    • Data management plan: A document outlining the policies, procedures, and practices for managing research data throughout its lifecycle, often required by funding agencies and research institutions to ensure the preservation and accessibility of research data.
    • Data repository: A collection of data sets, often organized and managed by a particular community or discipline, providing a trusted and secure location for researchers to store, manage, and share their data.
    • Data repository: A digital archive that stores and provides access to research data, often used to promote data sharing and reuse, and to ensure long-term preservation of research data.
    • Data sharing: The practice of making data openly available to others, allowing for greater transparency, collaboration, and reuse of research data.
    • Data sharing: The practice of making research data available to others, often used to promote transparency, collaboration, and reproducibility of research.
    • Database: An organized collection of data, often used to search and retrieve information on specific topics.
    • Dewey Decimal Classification: A system of classification used by many libraries to organize books and other materials based on subject matter, often used to help users find and locate materials in the library.
    • Digital library: An online collection of digital resources, often including books, articles, images, and other forms of knowledge, often maintained for preservation and access purposes.
    • Digital Object Identifier (DOI): A unique alphanumeric identifier assigned to a digital object, such as an article, book, or dataset, to ensure its persistent and permanent citation and accessibility.
    • Digital object identifier (DOI): A unique and permanent identifier for a resource, often used to identify and locate articles, data sets, and other scholarly works, and to facilitate their citation and discovery.
    • Digital Object Identifier (DOI): A unique and persistent identifier assigned to a digital object, such as a scholarly article, to provide a permanent link to its location and allow for reliable citation.
    • Digital Object Identifier (DOI): A unique and persistent identifier assigned to a scholarly research article or other forms of digital content, often used to provide stable and permanent links to the content and to ensure that it can be easily and accurately located and cited.
    • Digital Object Identifier (DOI): A unique identifier for a digital object, often used to identify and track scholarly works and other research outputs.
    • Digital repository: A platform for storing, preserving, and providing access to digital content, such as scholarly articles, research data, and other forms of digital output, often managed by libraries, archives, or research institutions.
    • Digital source: A source that is made available in digital form, often found on the internet, and may include text, images, audio, or video content.
    • Direct quotation: A verbatim repetition of words or phrases from a source, often used to support an argument or to provide evidence for a point, and placed within quotation marks or formatted as a block quotation.
    • Direct quotation: A verbatim reproduction of a passage from a source, usually indicated by quotation marks and accompanied by a citation.
    • Direct quote: A word-for-word repetition of a passage from a source, often placed within quotation marks and attributed to the source in the text or in a citation.
    • Direct Quote: An exact replication of text taken from a source, usually enclosed in quotation marks and accompanied by an in-text citation.
    • Direct quote: An exact reproduction of a passage from a source, often used to support a specific argument or point in a written work.
    • DOI (Digital Object Identifier): A persistent identifier assigned to a digital object, often used to provide a stable and persistent link to an online resource, such as an article or data set, even if its URL changes over time.
    • DOI (Digital Object Identifier): A unique identifier assigned to a digital object, such as a scholarly article, to provide a permanent link to the original source, often used in citations to ensure accuracy and ease of access.
    • DOI (Digital Object Identifier): A unique identifier assigned to a digital object, such as an article or book, to provide a permanent link to its location on the internet, often used in academic citations.
    • DOI (Digital Object Identifier): A unique identifier assigned to a digital object, such as an article or report, to provide a permanent link to its location on the internet.
    • DOI (Digital Object Identifier): A unique identifier assigned to an online publication, such as an article or dataset, to ensure that it can be reliably and permanently accessed and cited.
    • Double Blind Peer Review: A type of peer review process in which the identities of both the authors and the reviewers are kept anonymous, to minimize bias and ensure impartial evaluation.
    • Double-blind peer review: A form of peer review in which the identities of both the author and the reviewer are kept anonymous, often used to promote objectivity and prevent bias in the evaluation process.
    • Double-blind review: A type of peer review in which both the author and the reviewer are anonymous, often used to prevent bias and increase objectivity in the review process.
    • Eigenfactor: A metric that measures the prestige and impact of a journal based on the number and quality of citations received by its articles, taking into account the size and interconnectivity of the journal’s citation network.
    • Embargo period: A period of time during which an article is not available online, often set by the publisher to protect their revenue from subscriptions.
    • Endnote: A citation or reference included at the end of a document, often providing additional information, context, or critical analysis of the works cited in the document.
    • Endnote: A footnote placed at the end of a research paper or other document, often used to provide additional information or comments on a particular source or reference.
    • Endnote: A note placed at the end of a document that provides additional information or a citation for a specific reference.
    • EndNote: A popular citation management software used by researchers to manage and format their citations and references.
    • EndNote: A proprietary reference management software, often used by academic researchers to organize, store, and manage research materials, and to generate citations and bibliographies in various styles.
    • EndNote: A reference management software that helps researchers organize, store, and format their references and citations.
    • EndNote: A reference management software used to store and organize bibliographic references and citations, often used to simplify the process of creating bibliographies and formatting citations.
    • Endnote: A reference or citation placed at the end of a written work, often used to provide additional information or to acknowledge sources used in the work.
    • Endnote: A reference placed at the end of a document, indicating the source of a quote, paraphrase, or idea. Endnotes are often used in the Chicago citation style.
    • Endnote: A reference to a source, placed at the end of a scholarly paper or publication, often used to provide additional information or to give credit to the original source.
    • EndNote: A research management tool that allows researchers to easily organize and store their references, insert citations into their writing, and format their bibliographies in a variety of styles.
    • EndNote: A widely used reference management software used to manage and organize references, citations, and bibliographic information.
    • Ephemera: Informal or transitory materials, such as posters, flyers, and advertisements, that may provide valuable information for research.
    • Ethical concerns in research: The principles and values that govern responsible conduct of research, such as honesty, integrity, confidentiality, informed consent, and more.
    • FAIR principles: A set of principles for data management and sharing, aimed at making research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable.
    • Fair use: A doctrine in U.S. copyright law that allows for limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.
    • Fair Use: An exception to copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.
    • Fair use: An exception to copyright law that allows the use of a limited amount of copyrighted material for specific purposes, such as education, criticism, or research, without obtaining permission from the copyright holder.
    • Fair use: The doctrine in copyright law that allows for limited use of copyrighted material for purposes such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research, often subject to factors such as the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, and the amount used.
    • Footnote: A citation or reference included at the bottom of a page, often providing additional information, context, or critical analysis of the works cited on that page.
    • Footnote: A note placed at the bottom of a page that provides additional information or a citation for a specific reference.
    • Footnote: A note placed at the bottom of a page, often used to provide additional information or comments on a particular source or reference.
    • Footnote: A reference or citation placed at the bottom of a page, often used to provide additional information or to acknowledge sources used in a written work.
    • Footnote: A reference placed at the bottom of a page, indicating the source of a quote, paraphrase, or idea. Footnotes are often used in the Chicago citation style.
    • Footnote: A reference to a source, placed at the bottom of the page on which it is cited, often used to provide additional information or to give credit to the original source.
    • g-Index: A metric that takes into account both the number of citations and the number of citations per publication to measure the impact of an author.
    • Gold open access: A form of open access in which an article is published in an open access journal and made freely available online, often with the authors or their institutions paying a publication fee.
    • Gold Open Access: A form of open access that allows authors to publish their articles in open access journals, where the articles are freely available immediately upon publication.
    • Gold open access: A model of open access that involves publishing a scholarly article in an open access journal, often with a fee paid by the author or their institution.
    • Gold open access: The practice of publishing a scholarly article in an open access journal, making it freely available to the public immediately upon publication.
    • Google Scholar: A free search engine for scholarly literature, including articles, theses, books, and conference papers, from a wide range of academic disciplines.
    • Google Scholar: A search engine for scholarly literature, including articles, theses, books, conference papers, and technical reports, that provides access to citation metrics such as the H-index and total citations.
    • Google Scholar: A search engine specifically designed to search for scholarly literature, including articles, theses, books, and conference papers, often used as a source of academic research materials.
    • Government publication: A publication produced by a government agency, often made available to the public, that may provide valuable information for research.
    • Gray literature: Informal or unpublished sources, such as technical reports, conference papers, and government documents, that may provide valuable information for research.
    • Gray Literature: Informal scholarly outputs, including reports, theses, conference proceedings, and other types of research that are not formally published in peer-reviewed journals.
    • Gray literature: Scholarly and research-related materials that are not formally published, such as conference papers, reports, working papers, and more, often considered less accessible and lower in quality than published literature.
    • Green open access: A form of open access in which a pre-print or post-print version of an article is made available on a personal or institutional website, or in an open repository, often subject to an embargo period set by the publisher.
    • Green Open Access: A form of open access that allows authors to make a version of their articles freely available on their personal websites or in institutional repositories, after a certain embargo period set by the publisher.
    • Green open access: A model of open access that involves self-archiving a copy of a scholarly article in a repository, often after a certain embargo period has passed.
    • Green open access: The practice of making a copy of a scholarly article available in an institutional repository or other open access platform, often after a delay specified by the publisher.
    • h5-Core: A subset of an author’s articles that have received the most citations over the past five years, used to provide a more focused view of their impact and productivity.
    • h5-Index: A metric that measures the h-index of an author over the past five years, to provide a more recent view of their impact and productivity.
    • h5-Median: A metric that measures the median number of citations received by an author’s most-cited articles over the past five years.
    • Harvard Style: A citation style commonly used in the UK and Australia, often used in business, law, and the humanities.
    • Harvard Style: A widely used citation and reference style, also known as the “Author-Date” style, used in many academic fields.
    • H-index: A measure of the impact of an individual researcher, based on the number of their articles with at least that many citations, often used as a proxy for overall research productivity and impact.
    • H-index: A measure of the productivity and impact of an author, often used to evaluate the author’s body of work, based on the number of papers they have published and the number of citations they have received.
    • H-Index: A metric that measures both the productivity and impact of a researcher, based on the number of papers they have published and the number of citations those papers have received.
    • H-index: A metric that measures both the productivity and impact of an author’s research output, based on the number of papers and their citations.
    • H-Index: A metric that measures the impact and productivity of an author, based on the number of publications and citations they have received. An author has an H-index of h if h of their publications have received at least h citations each.
    • H-index: A metric used to evaluate the productivity and impact of a researcher, based on the number of papers they have published and the number of citations received for those papers.
    • H-Index: A metric used to measure the impact and productivity of a researcher or a journal, based on the number of publications and the number of citations each has received.
    • H-index: A metric used to measure the productivity and impact of a researcher, often calculated based on the number of articles published by the researcher and the number of citations received by those articles.
    • Historical sources: Sources from the past that provide information about historical events or periods, often primary sources for historical research.
    • Human participants: Individuals who participate in a research study, often subject to ethical considerations and protections, such as informed consent and confidentiality.
    • Hybrid open access: A form of open access in which some articles in a journal are freely available online, while others are behind a paywall, often with authors or their institutions paying a publication fee for open access articles.
    • Hybrid Open Access: A form of open access that allows authors to publish their articles in traditional subscription-based journals, but also make a version of the articles freely available on the publisher’s website or in institutional repositories.
    • Hybrid open access: A model of open access that involves publishing a scholarly article in a traditional subscription-based journal, with an option to make the article openly available for a fee.
    • Hybrid open access: The practice of publishing a scholarly article in a traditional subscription journal, but also making it available in open access form, either immediately or after a delay, often through a fee paid by the author or their institution.
    • Hyperlink: A reference or connection from one web page to another, often used to navigate the internet or to access additional information in a digital source.
    • Hyperlink: An electronic link that connects one web page or resource to another, often represented by underlined text or a graphical icon, and used to navigate the internet and to access related resources.
    • i10-Index: A metric that measures the number of publications an author has that have received at least 10 citations.
    • IEEE Style: The citation and reference style used in the field of electrical engineering and computer science, as established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
    • Impact factor: A measure of the average number of citations received by articles published in a particular journal over a two-year period, often used as a metric of journal quality and research impact.
    • Impact factor: A measure of the frequency with which an average article in a journal has been cited in a specific year, often used as an indicator of the relative importance and influence of a journal in its field.
    • Impact Factor: A metric that measures the average number of citations received by articles in a given journal in a given year, as a measure of the journal’s impact and prestige.
    • Impact Factor: A metric that measures the average number of citations received by articles published in a given journal in a particular year, used to rank journals and assess their relative importance and impact.
    • Impact factor: A metric used to evaluate the impact of scholarly journals, based on the average number of citations received by articles published in the journal in a given year.
    • Impact Factor: A metric used to evaluate the prestige and influence of a journal, based on the average number of citations received by articles published in the journal in the past two years.
    • Impact factor: A metric used to measure the influence and impact of scholarly journals, often calculated based on the number of citations received by articles published in the journal over a specific time period.
    • Indirect quotation: A paraphrased or summarized version of information from a source, often used to support an argument or to provide evidence for a point, and credited to the original source.
    • Indirect quote: A paraphrase or summary of a passage from a source, often attributed to the source in the text or in a citation.
    • Indirect quote: A rephrased or summarized version of a passage from a source, often used to provide information without directly quoting the source.
    • Informed consent: The process by which individuals agree to participate in a research study after being fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits.
    • In-line Citation: A brief citation within the text of a research paper or article, indicating the source of a quote, paraphrase, or idea. In-line citations are often used in the APA citation style.
    • Institutional Repository: An online database of scholarly works and research outputs produced by a particular institution or organization, often used to store and make available open access content.
    • Institutional Review Board (IRB): An independent body responsible for reviewing and approving research projects that involve human participants, to ensure ethical treatment of participants and compliance with regulations and laws.
    • Intellectual property: Legal rights and protections associated with original works, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.
    • Intellectual property: The legal rights and protections given to creators of original works, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks, often used to protect the rights of authors, artists, and inventors and to ensure that they are credited and compensated for their work.
    • In-text citation: A brief citation included in the main text of a written work, often used to acknowledge the source of a specific piece of information.
    • In-text Citation: A brief citation within the text of a research paper or article, indicating the source of a quote, paraphrase, or idea. In-text citations are usually formatted according to a specific reference style and linked to a full citation in the reference list.
    • In-text citation: A brief reference to a source within the text of a scholarly paper or publication, often used to give credit to the original source and to provide the reader with information about the source.
    • In-text citation: A citation included within the text of a document, often in parentheses, providing information about the source of a quotation or other information.
    • In-text citation: A citation within the text of a piece of writing that indicates the source of the information being used.
    • In-text citation: A citation within the text of a research paper or other document, indicating the source of information or ideas being referenced and formatted in accordance with a specific citation style.
    • ISBN (International Standard Book Number): A unique identifier assigned to a book, used to identify and distinguish it from other books, often used as a citation for books.
    • ISBN (International Standard Book Number): A unique identifier assigned to books and other print publications to identify and distinguish them from other works.
    • ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): A unique identifier assigned to a periodical, such as a journal or magazine, used to identify and distinguish it from other periodicals, often used as a citation for journal articles.
    • ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): A unique identifier assigned to serial publications, such as journals and magazines, to identify and distinguish them from other works.
    • JIF (Journal Impact Factor): See Impact Factor.
    • Journal article: A scholarly article published in a periodical, often peer-reviewed, that reports on original research or provides a review of current research in a specific field.
    • Journal Citation Reports (JCR): A database that provides impact factors and other bibliographic information for journals in various academic fields, produced by Clarivate Analytics.
    • Journal Impact Factor (JIF): A measure of the average number of citations received by articles published in a journal in the past two years, used to evaluate the journal’s impact and influence.
    • Journal Impact Factor: A measure of the average number of citations received by articles published in a given journal, used as an indicator of the journal’s prestige and impact.
    • JSTOR: An online digital library that provides access to thousands of academic journals, books, and primary sources, often used as a source of academic research materials.
    • Legal cases: Official court decisions or cases, often cited in legal research or in fields that intersect with the law.
    • Library of Congress Classification: A system of classification used by the Library of Congress and other libraries to organize books and other materials based on subject matter, often used to help users find and locate materials in the library.
    • Literal citation: A direct quotation from a source, often used to support an argument or to provide evidence for a point, and placed within quotation marks or formatted as a block quotation.
    • Manuscript: An original copy of a written work, often housed in archives or libraries, that may provide valuable information for research.
    • Mendeley: A free citation management software used by researchers to manage and organize their research papers, references, and citations.
    • Mendeley: A free reference manager and academic social network, often used to organize and store research materials, and to collaborate with other researchers.
    • Mendeley: A reference management software that combines features of a bibliographic database, a citation manager, and a social network for researchers.
    • Mendeley: A reference management software used to manage and organize references, citations, and bibliographic information, and also includes features for collaboration and knowledge sharing.
    • Mendeley: A reference management software used to store and organize bibliographic references and citations, often used to facilitate collaboration and sharing of references and research data.
    • Mendeley: A research management tool that allows researchers to organize and store their references and research papers, track their reading and annotate PDFs, and collaborate with others.
    • Metadata: Data that describes other data, often used to provide information about a digital object or resource, such as its title, author, date of creation, and format.
    • Metadata: Data that provides information about other data, often used to describe and contextualize research data, and to enable discovery, access, and management of data.
    • Metadata: Data that provides information about other data, often used to describe the content, context, and structure of research data, and to support discovery, reuse, and management of research data.
    • Metadata: Information that describes and contextualizes data, often including information such as the title, author, date, and subject of a resource, as well as information about its format, size, and other technical details.
    • Metrics: Measures used to evaluate the impact and visibility of scholarly works, often including measures of citations, downloads, altmetrics, and other indicators of attention and engagement.
    • MLA (Modern Language Association) Style: A citation style commonly used in the humanities, including literature, linguistics, and cultural studies.
    • MLA Style: The citation and reference style used in the humanities, as established by the Modern Language Association.
    • Multimedia sources: Sources that use different media forms, such as audio, video, or images, to convey information, often cited in a manner specific to the type of media used.
    • Numeric System: A citation style that uses numbers within the text to identify sources, with the corresponding sources listed in a reference list at the end of the document. The most common numeric system is the Vancouver style, but other numeric systems include the ACS and IEEE styles.
    • Online catalog: A database that provides access to the holdings of a library, often including bibliographic records for books, articles, and other forms of knowledge, as well as information about the library’s physical location, hours, and services.
    • Open access journal: A scholarly journal that makes its articles freely available to the public, often through an open access repository or its own website, and supported by funding agencies, universities, and research institutions.
    • Open access mandates: Policies that require or encourage researchers to make their work openly available, often imposed by funding agencies, universities, and governments.
    • Open access repository: A digital collection of scholarly works, often made available freely and openly online, providing access to research and scholarship to anyone with an internet connection.
    • Open access repository: A platform for storing and sharing scholarly research articles and other forms of digital output, often designed to support open access and to provide free and unrestricted access to the public.
    • Open access: A movement aimed at making research and scholarship freely available to all, often by publishing works in open access journals or repositories, or by making them available under open access licenses.
    • Open Access: A movement that seeks to make scholarly works and research outputs freely available online, allowing anyone to access and use them without charge.
    • Open access: A movement to make scholarly research and literature freely available to the public, often facilitated by open access journals and repositories, and supported by funding agencies and universities.
    • Open access: A movement to make scholarly research and other forms of knowledge freely available online, often with the goal of increasing access to knowledge and improving the quality of research.
    • Open access: A publishing model in which scholarly articles are freely available online, often with the aim of increasing the visibility and impact of research.
    • Open access: The practice of making scholarly articles freely available online, often without subscription or other barriers to access, to promote widespread dissemination and use of research findings.
    • Open access: The practice of making scholarly research articles freely available to the public, often through open access journals or repositories, and supported by funding agencies, universities, and research institutions.
    • Open data: Data that is made freely available online, often with the goal of increasing access to knowledge and promoting innovation and collaboration.
    • Open data: The practice of making research data freely available to the public, often facilitated by data repositories and supported by funding agencies and universities.
    • Open data: The practice of making research data freely available to the public, often supported by funding agencies, universities, and research institutions, and facilitated by data repositories and data sharing platforms.
    • Open data: The practice of making research data openly available, often without barriers to access and reuse, to promote transparency, collaboration, and reproducibility of research.
    • Open peer review: A form of peer review in which the identities of both the author and the reviewer are known, and the review process and results are made publicly available, often used to promote transparency and collaboration in the evaluation process.
    • Open Peer Review: A process of peer review where the review process and the identity of reviewers are made publicly available, providing greater transparency and accountability in the review process.
    • Open Peer Review: A type of peer review process in which the identities of the reviewers are disclosed to the authors and the public, to promote transparency and accountability.
    • Open repository: A digital archive that stores and provides access to scholarly works, often used to promote open access and increase the visibility and impact of research.
    • Open science: A movement that seeks to make scientific research and knowledge more open, transparent, and accessible, often through practices such as open access, open data, preprints, and more.
    • Open Science: An umbrella term used to describe a range of practices and principles aimed at making research and scholarship more open, transparent, and accessible, often including open access, open data, open peer review, and other initiatives.
    • ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID): A unique identifier assigned to a researcher, used to distinguish them from other researchers with similar names and to link their research outputs to their professional profile.
    • ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID): A unique identifier for researchers, which helps them to connect their research activities and affiliations across different platforms and databases.
    • Paraphrase: A restatement of a passage from a source in your own words, often used to convey the same information as the original source without directly quoting it.
    • Paraphrase: A restatement of text taken from a source, in your own words, that conveys the same meaning as the original text.
    • Paraphrasing: The act of restating or summarizing information from a source in one’s own words, often used to demonstrate understanding of the source and to avoid plagiarism.
    • Paraphrasing: The rewording of a passage from a source to convey the same information in a new form, usually accompanied by a citation.
    • Parenthetical Citation: A brief citation within the text of a research paper or article, in parentheses, indicating the source of a quote, paraphrase, or idea. Parenthetical citations are often used in the MLA citation style.
    • Parenthetical citation: A brief reference to a source within the text of a scholarly paper or publication, placed within parentheses and often used to give credit to the original source and to provide the reader with information about the source.
    • Parenthetical citation: A citation enclosed in parentheses within the text of a piece of writing.
    • Parenthetical citation: A citation included in parentheses in the main text of a written work, often used to acknowledge the source of a specific piece of information.
    • Patent: A legal document that gives the holder exclusive rights to make, use, and sell an invention for a certain period of time, often cited in research related to technology and innovation.
    • Peer Review: A process by which experts in a given field evaluate the quality and validity of a research paper before it is published, to ensure that it meets scientific standards and is worthy of publication.
    • Peer review: The process by which a scholarly article is reviewed by experts in the same field to ensure its quality, accuracy, and suitability for publication, often used as a measure of the quality and credibility of academic research.
    • Peer review: The process by which experts in a field evaluate the quality and merit of a scholarly work, often used to assess research proposals and articles for publication.
    • Peer review: The process of evaluating scholarly research articles by other experts in the same field, often used to ensure the quality and accuracy of research and to ensure that it meets the standards of the scholarly community.
    • Peer-reviewed source: A source that has been reviewed and evaluated by experts in the field before its publication, often seen as a reliable source for academic research.
    • Persistent identifier (PID): A unique and permanent identifier used to identify a digital object, such as a scholarly article or research dataset, and to provide a stable and persistent link to its location.
    • Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas as your own, without proper attribution or acknowledgement of the original source.
    • Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas without giving proper credit, often considered a serious offense in academic and intellectual communities.
    • Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas without giving proper credit, often considered unethical and potentially illegal.
    • Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas without proper attribution or permission, often seen as a form of academic dishonesty.
    • Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas without proper attribution or permission. Plagiarism is considered a serious academic offense and can result in penalties ranging from failing a assignment to expulsion from school.
    • Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work or ideas without proper attribution, often seen as a violation of copyright law and academic ethics.
    • Plagiarism: The act of using someone else’s work, ideas, or words without proper credit or attribution, often considered to be a form of academic misconduct.
    • PLOS (Public Library of Science): An open-access publisher of scientific and medical journals, with a mission to make scientific research freely accessible to the public.
    • Post-publication peer review: A process of peer review where comments and feedback are solicited and shared after a work has been published, allowing for ongoing discussion and evaluation of the work.
    • Post-publication Peer Review: A type of peer review process that takes place after a research paper has been published, to allow for ongoing evaluation and discussion of the research findings.
    • Predatory publishing: The practice of publishing low-quality or fake academic journals, often for profit, that charge authors fees to publish their work without providing proper peer review or editorial support.
    • Preprint server: A platform for sharing preprints, allowing researchers to make their early research outputs available to others before they are published in peer-reviewed journals.
    • Preprint server: An online platform that hosts and provides access to preprints, often used by researchers to share their work and receive feedback before formal publication.
    • Preprint: A manuscript of a scholarly article that is made available before its publication in a peer-reviewed journal, often made available on preprint servers.
    • Preprint: A scholarly research article that has been made available online before it has undergone peer review, often posted to a preprint server or repository, and used to share research results and to receive feedback and comments from the scholarly community.
    • Preprint: A version of a scholarly article that has been made available online prior to peer review and publication, often used to make research findings publicly available and accessible as soon as possible.
    • Preprint: An early version of a research paper, often posted on a preprint server, before it has been peer-reviewed and published in a journal.
    • Preprint: An early version of a scholarly article that has not yet undergone peer review and has been made publicly available, often posted on preprint servers such as arXiv or bioRxiv.
    • Preprint: An early version of a scholarly article that is made available online prior to formal publication, often used as a way to share and receive feedback on research.
    • Preprint: An early version of a scholarly work, often posted online before being published in a peer-reviewed journal, providing researchers with the opportunity to receive feedback and make improvements to their work.
    • Primary source: A source that provides original or first-hand information, often used as the basis for research.
    • ProQuest: An online research database that provides access to thousands of academic journals, magazines, and newspapers, often used as a source of academic research materials.
    • Public domain: Works or material that are no longer protected by copyright law and are available for unrestricted use and reuse, often because their copyright has expired or because the copyright owner has voluntarily dedicated the work to the public domain.
    • Public domain: Works that are not protected by copyright and are available for free use by anyone, often including works that are old, whose copyrights have expired, or that have been dedicated to the public domain.
    • Public Domain: Works that are not protected by copyright and can be freely used and reused by anyone without permission.
    • Publication Information: Information about where and when the work was published, such as the name of the publisher and the date of publication.
    • PubMed: A database of over 29 million citations for biomedical literature, including articles, books, and conference proceedings, from various sources.
    • Reference list: A list of all the sources cited in a written work, often provided at the end of the work and organized in a specific format, such as MLA or APA.
    • Reference list: A list of all the sources cited in a written work, usually appearing at the end of the document.
    • Reference List: A list of references cited in a research paper or article, usually appearing at the end of the document, and formatted according to a specific reference style.
    • Reference list: A list of references or sources cited in a scholarly paper or publication, often included at the end of the paper and organized alphabetically by the authors’ last names.
    • Reference list: A list of resources cited in a document, often including full bibliographic information for each work, and often formatted according to a specific style guide.
    • Reference List: A list of sources cited in a research paper or article, usually at the end of the document, that provides full citations for each source. Reference lists are often formatted according to a specific citation style, such as the APA or MLA style.
    • Reference list: A list of sources cited in a research paper or other document, often placed at the end of the document and formatted in accordance with a specific citation style.
    • Reference management software: Software that helps users manage and organize their bibliographic references and citations, often including features such as importing, organizing, and formatting references, as well as generating in-text citations and bibliographies.
    • Reference Management Software: Software used to manage and organize references, citations, and bibliographic information, often used in academic writing to generate bibliographies and in-text citations.
    • Reference Manager: A software tool that helps researchers manage and organize their reference collections and format citations and references in a consistent manner.
    • Reference Manager: See Citation Management Software.
    • Reference Style: A set of guidelines and rules for formatting and citing sources in a specific academic field or journal.
    • RefWorks: A reference management software used to store and organize bibliographic references and citations, often used by academic institutions to manage and provide access to reference collections.
    • RefWorks: A web-based reference management software, often used by academic researchers to organize, store, and manage research materials, and to generate citations and bibliographies in various styles.
    • RefWorks: A web-based research management tool that allows researchers to easily organize, store, and share their references and research materials, as well as insert citations and format bibliographies in a variety of styles.
    • Replication: The process of repeating a study, experiment, or analysis, often to verify the validity and reliability of research results, and to ensure that the findings can be replicated and verified by others.
    • Repository: A collection of resources, often digital, that are organized, managed, and made available to others, often for research, scholarly, or educational purposes.
    • Reproducibility: The ability of others to obtain similar results using the same data and methods as a given study.
    • Research assessment exercise: A formal and systematic evaluation of research quality and impact, often conducted by governments, funding agencies, and universities.
    • Research community: The network of scholars, researchers, and institutions engaged in a particular field of study, often characterized by collaboration, communication, and knowledge exchange.
    • Research data management: The process of organizing, storing, and sharing research data, often to ensure its long-term preservation and accessibility and to promote transparency and reproducibility in research.
    • Research data repository: A platform for storing and sharing research data, often designed to ensure the long-term preservation and accessibility of research data and to support data sharing and collaboration.
    • Research data repository: A platform for storing, sharing, and preserving research data, often designed to ensure long-term access and reuse of research data and to support collaboration and data sharing among researchers.
    • Research data: The data and materials generated and collected during the course of academic research, often used to support the findings and conclusions of a study.
    • Research ethics: The field that studies and sets standards for ethical conduct of research, often including guidelines and procedures for ensuring ethical compliance in research projects.
    • Research evaluation: The process of assessing and comparing the quality and impact of research, often used for funding decisions, promotion and tenure evaluations, and more.
    • Research funding: Financial support provided to support research projects, often from governments, foundations, and other funding organizations.
    • Research impact: The effect and influence of academic research, often measured through various metrics such as citations, altmetrics, policy uptake, and more.
    • Research impact: The influence and effect of research on other areas of study, society, and the world, often measured by metrics such as citations, downloads, and media coverage.
    • Research integrity: The principles and values that govern responsible and ethical conduct of research, such as honesty, transparency, accuracy, and more, often enforced by codes of conduct, policies, and institutions.
    • Research network: The interconnected relationships and collaborations between researchers, often characterized by knowledge exchange, co-authorship, and collaboration on research projects.
    • Research reproducibility: The ability of others to repeat and confirm the results of a study using the same methods and data, often considered a key principle of good scientific practice and a factor in evaluating the quality of research.
    • Research Square: A platform that provides editing, formatting, and review services for research papers, making the publishing process faster and more efficient.
    • Research transparency: The principle of making research and its underlying data, methods, and processes openly available and accessible, allowing others to evaluate, replicate, and build upon the research.
    • ResearchGate: A social networking site for researchers, allowing them to share their research, collaborate with others, and receive feedback on their work.
    • Scholarly Collaboration Network: A visualization of the connections between scholars, institutions, and journals, based on the co-authorship of scholarly works and the citation patterns among them.
    • Scholarly communication: The process by which scholars and researchers exchange ideas, research findings, and other scholarly outputs, often facilitated by publishing, conferences, and other forms of dissemination.
    • ScienceDirect: An online platform that provides access to a vast collection of scientific, technical, and medical (STM) journals and books published by Elsevier.
    • SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): A metric that measures the prestige and impact of a journal based on the number and quality of citations received by its articles.
    • Scimago Journal Rank (SJR): A metric that uses a combination of the number of citations and the prestige of the journals where articles are published, to rank journals in different scientific fields.
    • Scopus: A database that provides access to research literature and quality metrics, including citation counts, H-index, and impact factors.
    • Scopus: An abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature, including scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings, from all scientific fields.
    • Search engine optimization (SEO): The process of improving the visibility and ranking of a web page or website in search engine results, often through the use of keywords, links, and other techniques.
    • Search engine: An online tool that searches the internet or a database of information, often using algorithms to return relevant results in response to a user’s query.
    • Secondary source: A source that refers to or cites another source, often used as a reference in research.
    • Self-archiving: The practice of making a pre-print or post-print version of an article available on a personal or institutional website, or in an open repository, often subject to an embargo period set by the publisher.
    • Self-Citation: A citation of an author’s own work by the same author or their co-authors.
    • Self-Citation: A practice in which an author cites their own previously published work in a new research paper, potentially inflating their citation count and impact factor.
    • Self-plagiarism: The act of reusing one’s own previously published work without proper attribution, often considered unethical and a violation of academic norms.
    • Self-Plagiarism: The act of reusing your own previously published work in a new publication without proper attribution or permission.
    • SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper): A metric that measures the average impact of an article in a given journal, taking into account the variation in citation practices across different fields.
    • Source material: The raw materials or information used as the basis for research, often used to develop arguments and support conclusions.
    • Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP): A metric used to evaluate the impact and influence of a journal, based on the number of citations it receives relative to the number of citations received by similar journals in the same field.
    • Standard: A set of specifications or guidelines established by an organization or industry, often used to ensure consistency and quality in a specific field, often cited in research.
    • Statutes: Laws or legal codes established by a government, often cited in legal research or in fields that intersect with the law.
    • Style guide: A set of guidelines and rules for writing and formatting documents, often used to ensure consistency and clarity in the presentation of information. Examples include MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard style guides.
    • Style guide: A set of guidelines for formatting and citing sources in a particular discipline or field of study. Examples include MLA, APA, and Chicago.
    • Style guide: A set of guidelines or rules used to format and structure written work, such as MLA or APA, that often dictate the format of citations and references.
    • Summary: A brief, condensed version of a source that captures its main points, often used to provide an overview of a larger source or to convey information from multiple sources in a concise manner.
    • Text matching software: A tool that compares written text to a database of published works to detect instances of plagiarism, often used in academic institutions and publishers to prevent plagiarism.
    • Thesis or Dissertation: A long piece of written work, often required for a higher degree, that presents original research on a specific topic.
    • Title: The name given to the work being cited, such as a book, article, or report.
    • URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A string of characters that specifies the location of a specific web page or resource on the internet, often used as a citation for digital sources.
    • URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A unique address for a web page or other online resource, used to locate the resource on the internet and to access it.
    • URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A web address that provides the location of a specific resource on the internet.
    • Vancouver Style: The citation style used in the field of medicine and the health sciences, as established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
    • Web of Science (WoS): A multidisciplinary database that indexes, abstracts, and provides citations for articles and conference proceedings from a range of academic disciplines, including science, social sciences, and arts and humanities.
    • Web of Science: A database that provides access to research literature and quality metrics, including citation counts, H-index, and impact factors.
    • Web page: A document or resource that can be accessed through the internet, often containing text, images, and other forms of multimedia, and often formatted using HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
    • Website: A collection of related web pages and resources that can be accessed through the internet, often organized and maintained by a single organization or individual, and often with a common domain name and navigation structure.
    • Working paper: An early stage research paper that is not yet complete, often made available for comment and feedback before its final publication.
    • Works cited: A list of all the sources used in a written work, often provided at the end of the work and organized in a specific format, such as MLA or APA.
    • Works cited: A list of references or sources that are cited directly in a scholarly paper or publication, often included at the end of the paper and organized alphabetically by the authors’ last names.
    • Works cited: A list of resources cited in a document, often included at the end of the document and providing complete bibliographic information for each work.
    • Works Cited: A list of sources cited in a research paper or article, usually at the end of the document, that provides full citations for each source. Works cited is a term often used in the MLA citation style.
    • Works cited: A list of sources cited in a research paper or other document, often used interchangeably with the
    • Zotero: A free, open-source citation management software used by researchers to collect, organize, and manage their references and citations.
    • Zotero: A free, open-source citation management software, often used to organize, store, and manage research materials, and to generate citations and bibliographies in various styles.
    • Zotero: A free, open-source reference management software that integrates with web browsers and word processors to facilitate the collection, organization, and citation of research materials.
    • Zotero: A free, open-source reference management software used to manage and organize references, citations, and bibliographic information.
    • Zotero: A reference management software used to store and organize bibliographic references and citations, often used as a free and open-source alternative to proprietary reference management software.
    • Zotero: A research management tool that allows researchers to easily collect, organize, cite, and share their research sources and related materials.