Arabic Alphabet
1. ا
- Name (Arabic): ألف
- Latin Spelling: alif
- Graphemes: a (alpha/aleph, origin) + l (lambda/lamed, direction) + i (iota/yod, point) + f (digamma/waw, division)
- Chain: ا → ألف → a + l + i + f
2. ب
- Name: باء
- Latin Spelling: baʾ
- Graphemes: b (beta/beth, house) + a (alpha/aleph, origin) + (ʾ) glottal stop
- Chain: ب → باء → b + a + (ʾ)
3. ت
- Name: تاء
- Latin Spelling: taʾ
- Graphemes: t (tau/taw, mark) + a (alpha/aleph) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ت → تاء → t + a + (ʾ)
4. ث
- Name: ثاء
- Latin Spelling: thaʾ
- Graphemes: t (tau/taw) + h (heta/heth, fence) + a (alpha) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ث → ثاء → t + h + a + (ʾ)
5. ج
- Name: جيم
- Latin Spelling: jīm
- Graphemes: j (iota/gamma hybrid, reach) + ī (i + macron, extended unity) + m (mu/mem, water, flow)
- Chain: ج → جيم → j + ī + m
6. ح
- Name: حاء
- Latin Spelling: ḥaʾ
- Graphemes: ḥ (h + underdot, emphatic breath) + a (alpha) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ح → حاء → ḥ + a + (ʾ)
7. خ
- Name: خاء
- Latin Spelling: khaʾ
- Graphemes: k (kappa/kaph, grasp) + h (heth) + a (alpha) + (ʾ)
- Chain: خ → خاء → k + h + a + (ʾ)
8. د
- Name: دال
- Latin Spelling: dāl
- Graphemes: d (delta/dalet, door) + ā (alpha + macron, long origin) + l (lambda)
- Chain: د → دال → d + ā + l
9. ذ
- Name: ذال
- Latin Spelling: dhāl
- Graphemes: d (delta) + h (heth) + ā (alpha + macron) + l (lambda)
- Chain: ذ → ذال → d + h + ā + l
10. ر
- Name: راء
- Latin Spelling: rāʾ
- Graphemes: r (rho/resh, head) + ā (alpha + macron) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ر → راء → r + ā + (ʾ)
11. ز
- Name: زاي
- Latin Spelling: zāy
- Graphemes: z (zeta/zayin, weapon) + ā (alpha + macron) + y (upsilon/yod, branching)
- Chain: ز → زاي → z + ā + y
12. س
- Name: سِين
- Latin Spelling: sīn
- Graphemes: s (sigma/shin, serpent motion) + ī (i + macron) + n (nu/nun, fish/life)
- Chain: س → سِين → s + ī + n
13. ش
- Name: شِين
- Latin Spelling: shīn
- Graphemes: s (sigma) + h (heth) + ī (i + macron) + n (nun)
- Chain: ش → شِين → s + h + ī + n
14. ص
- Name: صاد
- Latin Spelling: ṣād
- Graphemes: ṣ (s + underdot, emphatic) + ā (alpha + macron) + d (delta)
- Chain: ص → صاد → ṣ + ā + d
15. ض
- Name: ضاد
- Latin Spelling: ḍād
- Graphemes: ḍ (d + underdot) + ā (alpha + macron) + d (delta)
- Chain: ض → ضاد → ḍ + ā + d
16. ط
- Name: طاء
- Latin Spelling: ṭāʾ
- Graphemes: ṭ (t + underdot) + ā (alpha + macron) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ط → طاء → ṭ + ā + (ʾ)
17. ظ
- Name: ظاء
- Latin Spelling: ẓāʾ
- Graphemes: ẓ (z + underdot) + ā (alpha + macron) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ظ → ظاء → ẓ + ā + (ʾ)
18. ع
- Name: عَيْن
- Latin Spelling: ʿayn
- Graphemes: (ʿ) pharyngeal marker + a (alpha) + y (upsilon/yod) + n (nun)
- Chain: ع → عَيْن → (ʿ) + a + y + n
19. غ
- Name: غَيْن
- Latin Spelling: ghayn
- Graphemes: g (gamma/gimel) + h (heth) + a (alpha) + y (upsilon) + n (nun)
- Chain: غ → غَيْن → g + h + a + y + n
20. ف
- Name: فاء
- Latin Spelling: fāʾ
- Graphemes: f (digamma/waw, division) + ā (alpha + macron) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ف → فاء → f + ā + (ʾ)
21. ق
- Name: قاف
- Latin Spelling: qāf
- Graphemes: q (koppa/qoph, back of head) + ā (alpha + macron) + f (digamma)
- Chain: ق → قاف → q + ā + f
22. ك
- Name: كاف
- Latin Spelling: kāf
- Graphemes: k (kappa/kaph) + ā (alpha + macron) + f (digamma)
- Chain: ك → كاف → k + ā + f
23. ل
- Name: لام
- Latin Spelling: lām
- Graphemes: l (lambda/lamed) + ā (alpha + macron) + m (mu/mem, water)
- Chain: ل → لام → l + ā + m
24. م
- Name: ميم
- Latin Spelling: mīm
- Graphemes: m (mu/mem) + ī (i + macron) + m (mu/mem)
- Chain: م → ميم → m + ī + m
25. ن
- Name: نون
- Latin Spelling: nūn
- Graphemes: n (nu/nun) + ū (u + macron) + n (nu/nun)
- Chain: ن → نون → n + ū + n
26. ه
- Name: هاء
- Latin Spelling: hāʾ
- Graphemes: h (heta/heth) + ā (alpha + macron) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ه → هاء → h + ā + (ʾ)
27. و
- Name: واو
- Latin Spelling: wāw
- Graphemes: w (double u/upsilon) + ā (alpha + macron) + w (double u)
- Chain: و → واو → w + ā + w
28. ي
- Name: ياء
- Latin Spelling: yāʾ
- Graphemes: y (upsilon/yod) + ā (alpha + macron) + (ʾ)
- Chain: ي → ياء → y + ā + (ʾ)